Halliwell, 1989
Doll, 1994, Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male British doctors, BMJ, 309, 901, 10.1136/bmj.309.6959.901
Frei, 1991, Gas phase oxidants of cigarette smoke induce lipid peroxidation and changes in lipoprotein properties in human blood plasma: protective effects of ascorbic acid, Biochem J, 277, 133, 10.1042/bj2770133
Pryor, 1993, Oxidants in cigarette smoke. Radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 686, 12, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb39148.x
Leanderson, 1992, Cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage in cultured human lung cells: role of hydroxyl radicals and endonuclease activation, Chem Biol Interact, 81, 197, 10.1016/0009-2797(92)90034-I
Kiyosawa, 1990, Cigarette smoking induces formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, one of the oxidative DNA damages in human peripheral leukocytes, Free Radic Res Commun, 11, 23, 10.3109/10715769009109664
Fraga, 1996, Smoking and low antioxidant levels increase oxidative damage to sperm DNA, Mutat Res, 351, 199, 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00251-0
Duthie, 1994, Cigarette smoking as an inducer of oxidative stress, 297
Lykkesfeldt, 1997, Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid as biomarkers of oxidative stress caused by smoking, Am J Clin Nutr, 65, 959, 10.1093/ajcn/65.4.959
1989
Schectman, 1991, Ascorbic acid requirements for smokers: analysis of a population survey, Am J Clin Nutr, 53, 1466, 10.1093/ajcn/53.6.1466
1990
Krebs-Smith, 1995, US adults’ fruit and vegetable intakes, 1989 to 1991: a revised baseline for the Healthy People 2000 objective, Am J Public Health, 85, 1623, 10.2105/AJPH.85.12.1623
Rogers, 1995, Indicators of poor dietary habits in a high risk population, J Am Coll Nutr, 14, 159, 10.1080/07315724.1995.10718488
Munoz, 1997, Food intakes of US children and adolescents compared with recommendations, Pediatrics, 100, 323, 10.1542/peds.100.3.323
Lindblad, 1997, Diet and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based case-control study, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 6, 215
Pillow, 1997, Case-control assessment of diet and lung cancer risk in African Americans and Mexican Americans, Nutr Cancer, 29, 169, 10.1080/01635589709514620
La Vecchia, 1998, Fruit and vegetables, and human cancer, Eur J Cancer Prev, 7, 3
Hininger, 1997, Effect of increased fruit and vegetable intake on the susceptibility of lipoprotein to oxidation in smokers, Eur J Clin Nutr, 51, 601, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600451
Serdula, 1996, The association between fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease risk factors, Epidemiology, 7, 161, 10.1097/00001648-199603000-00010
Morabia, 1990, Dietary habits of smokers, people who never smoked, and exsmokers, Am J Clin Nutr, 52, 933, 10.1093/ajcn/52.5.933
Larkin, 1990, Dietary patterns of women smokers and non-smokers, J Am Diet Assoc, 90, 230, 10.1016/S0002-8223(21)01499-1
Preston, 1991, Cigarette smoking—nutritional implications, Prog Food Nutr Sci, 15, 183
Zondervan, 1996, Do dietary and supplementary intakes of antioxidants differ with smoking status?, Int J Epidemiol, 25, 70, 10.1093/ije/25.1.70
Dallongeville, 1998, Cigarette smoking is associated with unhealthy patterns of nutrient intake: a meta-analysis, J Nutr, 128, 1450, 10.1093/jn/128.9.1450
Block, 1986, A data-based approach to diet questionnaire design and testing, Am J Epidemiol, 124, 453, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114416
Block, 1994, Revision of dietary analysis software for the Health Habits and History Questionnaire, Am J Epidemiol, 139, 1190, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116965
Serdula, 1993, Evaluation of a brief telephone questionnaire to estimate fruit and vegetable consumption in diverse study populations, Epidemiology, 4, 455, 10.1097/00001648-199309000-00012
Lachance, 1994, To supplement or not to supplement: is it a question, J Am Coll Nutr, 13, 113, 10.1080/07315724.1994.10718381
Lykkesfeldt, 1995, Determination of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric detection—are they reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress?, Anal Biochem, 229, 329, 10.1006/abio.1995.1421
Sattler, 1994, Rapid isolation of lipoproteins and assessment of their peroxidation by high-performance liquid chromatography postcolumn chemiluminescence, Methods Enzymol, 233, 469, 10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33053-0
Christen, 1997, Gamma-tocopherol traps mutagenic electrophiles such as NOx and complements alpha-tocopherol: physiological implications, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94, 3217, 10.1073/pnas.94.7.3217
Handelman, 1985, Oral alpha-tocopherol supplements decrease plasma gamma-tocopherol levels in humans, J Nutr, 115, 807, 10.1093/jn/115.6.807
Yeum, 1996, Human plasma carotenoid response to the ingestion of controlled diets high in fruits and vegetables, Am J Clin Nutr, 64, 594, 10.1093/ajcn/64.4.594
Vatassery, 1983, Changes in vitamin E concentrations in human plasma and platelets with age, J Am Coll Nutr, 2, 369, 10.1080/07315724.1983.10719934
Behrens, 1986, Alpha- and gamma tocopherol concentrations in human serum, J Am Coll Nutr, 5, 91, 10.1080/07315724.1986.10720116
Kaplan, 1987, Reference ranges of retinol, tocopherols, lycopene and alpha- and beta-carotene in plasma by simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis, Clin Physiol Biochem, 5, 297
Baker, 1986, Comparison of plasma α and γ tocopherol levels following chronic oral administration of either all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate or RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate in normal adult male subjects, Am J Clin Nutr, 43, 382, 10.1093/ajcn/43.3.382
Horwitt, 1972, Relationship between tocopherol and serum lipid levels for determination of nutritional adequacy, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 203, 223, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb27878.x
Horwitt, 1974, Status of human requirements for vitamin E, Am J Clin Nutr, 27, 1182, 10.1093/ajcn/27.10.1182
Ascherio, 1992, Correlations of vitamin A and E intakes with the plasma concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols among American men and women, J Nutr, 122, 1792, 10.1093/jn/122.9.1792
Sinha, 1993, Determinants of plasma vitamin E in healthy males, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2, 473
Brown, 1996, Acute effects of smoking cessation on antioxidant status, J Nutr Biochem, 7, 29, 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00164-6
Patterson, 1990, Fruit and vegetables in the American diet: data from the NHANES II survey, Am J Public Health, 80, 1443, 10.2105/AJPH.80.12.1443
Levine, 1996, Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93, 3704, 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3704
Murphy, 1990, Vitamin E intakes and sources in the United States, Am J Clin Nutr, 52, 361, 10.1093/ajcn/52.2.361
Zino, 1997, Randomised controlled trial of effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on plasma concentrations of lipids and antioxidants, BMJ, 314, 1787, 10.1136/bmj.314.7097.1787
Burri, 1997, Beta-carotene and human health: a review of current research, Nutr Res, 17, 547, 10.1016/S0271-5317(97)00011-0
Van den Langenberg, 1996, Influence of using different sources of carotenoid data in epidemiologic studies, J Am Diet Assoc, 96, 1271, 10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00332-X
Clinton, 1998, Lycopene: chemistry, biology, and implications for human health and disease, Nutr Rev, 56, 35, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01691.x
Lykkesfeldt, 1996, Effect of smoking cessation on plasma ascorbic acid concentration, BMJ, 313, 91, 10.1136/bmj.313.7049.91
Loria, 1998, Agreement among indicators of vitamin C status, Am J Epidemiol, 147, 587, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009491
Smith, 1987, Serum levels of vitamin C in relation to dietary and supplemental intake of vitamin C in smokers and nonsmokers, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 498, 144, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23758.x
Marangon, 1998, Diet, antioxidant status, and smoking habits in French men, Am J Clin Nutr, 67, 231, 10.1093/ajcn/67.2.231
Driskell, 1996, Plasma concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols in male long-term tobacco chewers, smokers and nonusers, Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 66, 203
Pamuk, 1994, Effect of smoking on serum nutrient concentrations in African-American women, Am J Clin Nutr, 59, 891, 10.1093/ajcn/59.4.891