Smoking Rain Clouds over the Amazon

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) - Tập 303 Số 5662 - Trang 1337-1342 - 2004
Meinrat O. Andreae1,2,3,4,5, Daniel Rosenfeld1,2,3,4,5, Paulo Artaxo1,2,3,4,5, Alexandre Araújo Costa1,2,3,4,5, G. P. Frank1,2,3,4,5, K. Longo1,2,3,4,5, M.A. Silva-Dias1,2,3,4,5
1Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Post Office Box 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
2Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudo Climáticos – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (CPTEC-INPE), Rodovia Presidente Dutra, Km 40, SP-RJ, CEP 12630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
3Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
4Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao, Travessa R, 187, CEP 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
5Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Paranjana, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60740-000, Brazil.

Tóm tắt

Heavy smoke from forest fires in the Amazon was observed to reduce cloud droplet size and so delay the onset of precipitation from 1.5 kilometers above cloud base in pristine clouds to more than 5 kilometers in polluted clouds and more than 7 kilometers in pyro-clouds. Suppression of low-level rainout and aerosol washout allows transport of water and smoke to upper levels, where the clouds appear “smoking” as they detrain much of the pollution. Elevating the onset of precipitation allows invigoration of the updrafts, causing intense thunderstorms, large hail, and greater likelihood for overshooting cloud tops into the stratosphere. There, detrained pollutants and water vapor would have profound radiative impacts on the climate system. The invigorated storms release the latent heat higher in the atmosphere. This should substantially affect the regional and global circulation systems. Together, these processes affect the water cycle, the pollution burden of the atmosphere, and the dynamics of atmospheric circulation.

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We thank all members of the LBA-SMOCC–Cooperative LBA Airborne Experiment 2002 and LBA–Radiation Cloud and Climate Interactions science teams for their support during the field campaign especially J. von Jouanne M. Welling P. Guyon G. Nishioka T. Germano and the pilots of the Universidad Estadual do Ceará (UECE) and Instituto Nacional do Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) aircraft. We thank E. Freud for help with the scientific processing of the cloud physics aircraft data M. Lawrence for providing results from the MATCH model and E. Williams for stimulating discussions about the manuscript. This project was funded by the European Commission (Project SMOCC) the Max Planck Society the Fundação de Amparo `a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico (Instituto do Milênio LBA).

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American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Tập 303 Số 5662

1337-1342

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