Myocarditis in the Athlete: Arrhythmogenic Substrates, Clinical Manifestations, Management, and Eligibility Decisions

citation_journal_title=European Heart Journal; citation_title=Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases; citation_author=ALP Caforio, S Pankuweit, E Arbustini, C Basso, J Gimeno-Blanes, SB Felix; citation_volume=34; citation_issue=33; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=2636-2648; citation_id=CR1 citation_journal_title=Heart; citation_title=Clinical presentation and diagnosis of myocarditis; citation_author=ALP Caforio, R Marcolongo, C Basso, S Iliceto; citation_volume=101; citation_issue=16; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=1332-1344; citation_id=CR2 citation_journal_title=Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics; citation_title=Arrhythmias in viral myocarditis and pericarditis; citation_author=AJ Baksi, GS Kanaganayagam, SK Prasad; citation_volume=7; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=269-281; citation_id=CR3 citation_journal_title=European Heart Journal; citation_title=2015 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death the Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC); citation_author=SG Priori, C Blomstrom-Lundqvist, A Mazzanti, N Bloma, M Borggrefe, J Camm; citation_volume=36; citation_issue=41; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=2793-2867; citation_id=CR4 citation_journal_title=Cardiology Clinics; citation_title=Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in athletes: diagnosis, management, and recommendations for sport activity; citation_author=C Basso, E Carturan, D Corrado, G Thiene; citation_volume=25; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=423-429; citation_id=CR5 citation_journal_title=Circulation Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology; citation_title=Nonischemic left ventricular scar as a substrate of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in competitive athletes; citation_author=A Zorzi, MP Marra, I Rigato, M Lazzari, A Susana, A Niero; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=e004229; citation_id=CR6 citation_journal_title=Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine; citation_title=Exercise and the immune system; citation_author=P Brolinson, D Elliott; citation_volume=26; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=311-319; citation_id=CR7 citation_journal_title=Clinics in Sports Medicine; citation_title=Nutrition, exercise, and immune system function; citation_author=DC Nieman; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=537-548; citation_id=CR8 citation_journal_title=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; citation_title=Is infection risk linked to exercise workload?; citation_author=DC Nieman; citation_volume=32; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=S406-S411; citation_id=CR9 citation_journal_title=Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport; citation_title=The impact of sport related stressors on immunity and illness risk in team-sport athletes; citation_author=LC Keaney, AE Kilding, F Merien, DK Dulson; citation_volume=21; citation_issue=12; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1992-1999; citation_id=CR10 citation_journal_title=Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; citation_title=Salivary IgA response and upper respiratory tract infection symptoms during a 21-week competitive season in young soccer players; citation_author=A Moreira, AL Mortatti, AFS Arruda, CG Freitas, M Arruda, MS Aoki; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=467-473; citation_id=CR11 citation_journal_title=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; citation_title=Mucosal IgA and URTI in American college football players: a year longitudinal study; citation_author=MM Fahlman, HJ Engels; citation_volume=37; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=374-380; citation_id=CR12 citation_journal_title=Exercise Immunology Review; citation_title=Effects of moderate and high intensity exercise on T1/T2 balance; citation_author=G Zhao, S Zhou, A Davie, Q Su; citation_volume=18; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=97-113; citation_id=CR13 citation_journal_title=Immunology and Cell Biology; citation_title=Respiratory inflammation and infections in high-performance athletes; citation_author=M Gleeson, DB Pyne; citation_volume=94; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=124-131; citation_id=CR14 citation_journal_title=The Journal of Experimental Medicine; citation_title=Augmentation of the virulence of murine coxsackie-virus B-3 myocardiopathy by exercise; citation_author=B Gatmaitan, J Chason, M Lerner; citation_volume=131; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=1970; citation_pages=1121-1136; citation_id=CR15 citation_journal_title=European Journal of Epidemiology; citation_title=Coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in C3H/HeJ mice: description of an inbred model and the effect of exercise on virulence; citation_author=R Kiel, F Smith, J Chason, R Khatib, M Reyes; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=348-350; citation_id=CR16 citation_journal_title=Journal of Psychosomatic Research; citation_title=Comorbidities with chronic physical conditions and gender profiles of illness in schizophrenia. Results from PREST, a new health dataset; citation_author=A Gabilondo, E Alonso-Moran, R Nuño-Solinis, JF Orueta, A Iruin; citation_volume=93; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=102-109; citation_id=CR17 citation_journal_title=Progress in Medical Virology; citation_title=Virus myocardiopathy; citation_author=A Lerner, F Wilson; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=1973; citation_pages=63-91; citation_id=CR18 citation_journal_title=Cardiovascular Research; citation_title=Exercise induced augmentation of cellular and humoral autoimmunity associated with increased cardiac dilatation in experimental autoimmune myocarditis; citation_author=JD Hosenpud, SM Campbell, NR Niles, J Lee, D Mendelson, MV Hart; citation_volume=21; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=217-222; citation_id=CR19 citation_journal_title=Journal of the American College of Cardiology; citation_title=American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: a Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines; citation_author=BJ Maron, WJ McKenna, GK Danielson, LJ Kappenberger, HJ Kuhn, CE Seidman; citation_volume=42; citation_issue=9; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=1687-1713; citation_id=CR20 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980-2006; citation_author=BJ Maron, JJ Doerer, TS Haas, DM Tierney, FO Mueller; citation_volume=119; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=1085-1092; citation_id=CR21 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=Incidence, cause, and comparative frequency of sudden cardiac death in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes; citation_author=KG Harmon, IM Asif, JJ Maleszewski, DS Owens, JM Prutkin, JC Salerno; citation_volume=132; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=10-19; citation_id=CR22 citation_journal_title=Journal of the American College of Cardiology; citation_title=Etiology of sudden death in sports insights from a United Kingdom Regional Registry; citation_author=G Finocchiaro, M Papadakis, JL Robertus, H Dhutia, AK Steriotis, M Tome; citation_volume=67; citation_issue=18; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=2108-2115; citation_id=CR23 citation_journal_title=Clinical Medicine (London, England); citation_title=Sudden cardiac death in the young: a genetic destiny?; citation_author=G Thiene; citation_volume=18; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=s17-s23; citation_id=CR24 citation_journal_title=Journal of the American Medical Association; citation_title=Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program; citation_author=D Corrado, C Basso, A Pavei, P Michieli, M Schiavon, G Thiene; citation_volume=296; citation_issue=13; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=1593-1601; citation_id=CR25 citation_journal_title=Journal of the American College of Cardiology; citation_title=The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease; citation_author=LT Cooper, KL Baughman, AM Feldman, A Frustaci, M Jessup, U Kuhl; citation_volume=50; citation_issue=19; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=1914-1931; citation_id=CR26 citation_journal_title=European Journal of Heart Failure; citation_title=Prognostic electrocardiographic parameters in patients with suspected myocarditis; citation_author=C Ukena, F Mahfoud, I Kindermann, R Kandolf, M Kindermann, M BÖhm; citation_volume=13; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=398-405; citation_id=CR27 citation_journal_title=Journal of Electrocardiology; citation_title=Relationship between T-wave inversion and transmural myocardial edema as evidenced by cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with clinically suspected acute myocarditis: clinical and prognostic implications; citation_author=M Lazzari, A Zorzi, A Baritussio, M Siciliano, F Migliore, A Susana; citation_volume=49; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=587-595; citation_id=CR28 citation_journal_title=Circulation. Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology; citation_title=Early repolarization pattern in competitive athletes: clinical correlates and the effects of exercise training; citation_author=PA Noseworthy, R Weiner, J Kim, V Keelara, F Wang, B Berkstresser; citation_volume=4; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=432-440; citation_id=CR29 citation_journal_title=European Heart Journal; citation_title=Electrocardiographic anterior T-wave inversion in athletes of different ethnicities: differential diagnosis between athlete’s heart and cardiomyopathy; citation_author=C Calore, A Zorzi, N Sheikh, A Nese, M Facci, A Malhotra; citation_volume=37; citation_issue=32; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=2515-2527; citation_id=CR30 citation_journal_title=British Journal of Sports Medicine; citation_title=Accuracy of the ECG for differential diagnosis between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and athlete’s heart: comparison between the European Society of Cardiology (2010) and International (2017) criteria; citation_author=A Zorzi, C Calore, R Vio, A Pelliccia, D Corrado; citation_volume=52; citation_issue=10; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=667-673; citation_id=CR31 citation_journal_title=Clinical Chemistry; citation_title=Biomarker changes after strenuous exercise can mimic pulmonary embolism and cardiac injury - a metaanalysis of 45 studies; citation_author=F Sedaghat-Hamedani, E Kayvanpour, L Frankenstein, D Mereles, A Amr, S Buss; citation_volume=61; citation_issue=10; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=1246-1255; citation_id=CR32 citation_journal_title=The American Journal of Cardiology; citation_title=Echocardiographic findings in myocarditis; citation_author=B Pinamonti, E Alberti, A Cigalotto, L Dreas, A Salvi, F Silvestri, F Camerini; citation_volume=62; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=285-291; citation_id=CR33 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=Images in cardiovascular medicine. Diagnosis of myocarditis by cardiac tissue velocity imaging in an Olympic athlete; citation_author=A Urhausen, M Kindermann, M Bohm, W Kindermann; citation_volume=103; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=e21-e22; citation_id=CR34 Eichhorn, C., Bière, L., Schnell, F., Schmied, C., Wilhelm, M., Kwong, R. Y., & Gräni, C. (2019). Myocarditis in athletes is a challenge: diagnosis, risk stratification, and uncertainties. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.01.039 . citation_journal_title=Journal of the American College of Cardiology; citation_title=Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC white paper; citation_author=MG Friedrich, U Sechtem, J Schulz-Menger, G Holmvang, P Alakija, LT Cooper; citation_volume=53; citation_issue=17; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=1475-1487; citation_id=CR36 citation_journal_title=European Heart Journal; citation_title=A prospective study of biopsy-proven myocarditis: prognostic relevance of clinical and aetiopathogenetic features at diagnosis; citation_author=ALP Caforio, F Calabrese, A Angelini, F Tona, A Vinci, S Bottaro; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=11; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=1326-1333; citation_id=CR37 citation_journal_title=Journal of the American College of Cardiology; citation_title=Long-term follow-up of biopsy-proven viral myocarditis; citation_author=S Grün, J Schumm, S Greulich, A Wagner, S Schneider, O Bruder; citation_volume=59; citation_issue=18; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=1604-1615; citation_id=CR38 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=Long-term evolution and prognostic stratification of biopsy-proven active myocarditis; citation_author=M Anzini, M Merlo, G Sabbadini, G Barbati, G Finocchiaro, B Pinamonti; citation_volume=128; citation_issue=22; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=2384-2394; citation_id=CR39 Anderson, B. R., Silver, E. S., Richmond, E., Liberman, L. (2014) Usefulness of Arrhythmias as Predictors of Death and Resource Utilization in Children With Myocarditis. The American Journal of Cardiology 114 (9):1400–1405 citation_journal_title=Cardiovascular Pathology; citation_title=Ventricular myocarditis coincides with atrial myocarditis in patients; citation_author=MPV Begieneman, RW Emmens, L Rijvers, B Kubat, WJ Paulus, ABA Vonk; citation_volume=25; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=141-148; citation_id=CR41 citation_journal_title=Heart; citation_title=Images in cardiology - atrial myocarditis: a possible cause of idiopathic enlargement of bilateral atria; citation_author=M Habara, H Fujieda, Y Nakamura; citation_volume=92; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=842; citation_id=CR42 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=Atrial giant cell myocarditis: a distinctive clinicopathologic entity; citation_author=B Larsen, J Maleszewski, W Edwards, L Cooper, R Sobonya, E Thompson; citation_volume=127; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=39-47; citation_id=CR43 citation_journal_title=Chest; citation_title=Biopsy evidence of atrial myocarditis in an athlete developing transient sinoatrial disease; citation_author=A Frustaci, S Cameli, P Zeppilli; citation_volume=108; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=1460-1462; citation_id=CR44 citation_journal_title=The American Journal of Cardiology; citation_title=Relation of multiple inflammatory biomarkers to incident atrial fibrillation; citation_author=RB Schnabel, MG Larson, JF Yamamoto, S Kathiresan, J Rong, D Levy; citation_volume=104; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=92-96; citation_id=CR45 citation_journal_title=Heart Rhythm; citation_title=Intracardiac and extracardiac markers of inflammation during atrial fibrillation; citation_author=GM Marcus, LM Smith, K Ordovas, MM Scheinman, AM Kim, N Badhwar; citation_volume=7; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=149-154; citation_id=CR46 citation_journal_title=International Journal of Cardiology; citation_title=Myopericarditis: etiology, management, and prognosis; citation_author=M Imazio, R Trinchero; citation_volume=127; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=17-26; citation_id=CR47 citation_journal_title=The New England Journal of Medicine; citation_title=Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins; citation_author=M Haissaguerre, P Jais, D Shah, A Takahashi, M Hocini, G Quiniou; citation_volume=339; citation_issue=10; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=659-666; citation_id=CR48 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=Ventricular preexcitation in children and young adults: atrial myocarditis as a possible trigger of sudden death; citation_author=C Basso, D Corrado, L Rossi, G Thiene; citation_volume=103; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=269-275; citation_id=CR49 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=A focal source of atrial fibrillation treated by discrete radiofrequency ablation; citation_author=P Jais, M Haissaguerre, D Shah, S Chouairi, L Gencel, M Hocini, J Clementy; citation_volume=95; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=572-576; citation_id=CR50 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=Electrophysiological end point for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation initiated from multiple pulmonary venous foci; citation_author=M Haissaguerre, P Jais, D Shah, S Garrigue, A Takahashi, T Lervegne; citation_volume=101; citation_issue=12; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=1409-1417; citation_id=CR51 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=Electrophysiological breakthroughs from the left atrium to the pulmonary veins; citation_author=M Haissaguerre, D Shah, P Jais, M Hocini, T Yamane, I Deisenhofer; citation_volume=102; citation_issue=20; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=2463-2465; citation_id=CR52 citation_journal_title=European Heart Journal; citation_title=European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLAECE); citation_author=DG Katritsis, G Boriani, FG Cosio, G Hindricks, P Jais, ME Josephson; citation_volume=39; citation_issue=16; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1442-1445; citation_id=CR53 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation; citation_author=A Frustaci, C Chimenti, F Bellocci, E Morgante, MA Russo, A Maseri; citation_volume=96; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=1180-1184; citation_id=CR54 citation_journal_title=The New England Journal of Medicine; citation_title=Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis — natural history and treatment; citation_author=LT Cooper, GJ Berry, R Shabetai; citation_volume=336; citation_issue=26; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=1860-1866; citation_id=CR55 citation_journal_title=European Journal of Heart Failure; citation_title=Long-term outcome and its predictors in giant cell myocarditis; citation_author=K Ekstrom, J Lehtonen, R Kandolin, A Raisanen-Sokolowski, K Salmenkivi, M Kupari; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=12; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1452-1458; citation_id=CR56 citation_journal_title=Nature Reviews. Cardiology; citation_title=Pathophysiology and clinical management of cardiac sarcoidosis; citation_author=N Hamzeh, DA Steckman, WH Sauer, MA Judson; citation_volume=12; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=278-288; citation_id=CR57 citation_journal_title=The Lancet Respiratory Medicine; citation_title=New treatment strategies for pulmonary sarcoidosis: antimetabolites, biological drugs, and other treatment approaches; citation_author=RP Baughman, JC Grutters; citation_volume=3; citation_issue=10; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=813-822; citation_id=CR58 citation_journal_title=Thorax; citation_title=Sarcoidosis is a Th1/Th17 multisystem disorder; citation_author=M Facco, A Cabrelle, A Teramo, V Olivieri, M Gnoato, S Teolato; citation_volume=66; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=144-150; citation_id=CR59 citation_journal_title=European Heart Journal; citation_title=Diagnosis and management of myocardial involvement in systemic immune-mediated diseases: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Disease; citation_author=ALP Caforio, Y Adler, C Agostini, Y Allanore, A Anastasakis, M Arad; citation_volume=38; citation_issue=35; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=2649-2662; citation_id=CR60 citation_journal_title=Annals of Internal Medicine; citation_title=Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block; citation_author=HF McAlister, PT Klementowicz, C Andrews, JD Fisher, M Feld, S Furman; citation_volume=110; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=339-345; citation_id=CR61 citation_journal_title=Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology; citation_title=Prognostic significance of electrocardiographic abnormalities in diphtheritic myocarditis after hospital discharge: a long-term follow-up study; citation_author=T Celik, N Selimov, A Vekilova, H Kursaklioglu, A Iyisoy, S Kilic, E Isik; citation_volume=11; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=28-33; citation_id=CR62 citation_journal_title=The New England Journal of Medicine; citation_title=Development and validation of a risk score for predicting death in Chagas’ heart disease; citation_author=A Rassi, A Rassi, WC Little, SS Xavier, SG Rassi, AG Rassi; citation_volume=355; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=799-808; citation_id=CR63 citation_journal_title=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine; citation_title=Electrocardiographic manifestations of cardiac infectious-inflammatory disorders; citation_author=M Punja, DG Mark, JV McCoy, R Javan, JM Pines, W Brady; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=364-377; citation_id=CR64 citation_journal_title=Heart; citation_title=Coronary vasospasm as the underlying cause for chest pain in patients with PVB19 myocarditis; citation_author=A Yilmaz, H Mahrholdt, A Athanasiadis, H Vogelsberg, G Meinhardt, M Voehringer; citation_volume=94; citation_issue=11; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=1456-1463; citation_id=CR65 citation_journal_title=European Heart Journal; citation_title=Myocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients presenting acute clinical deterioration; citation_author=A Frustaci, R Verardo, M Caldarulo, MC Acconcia, MA Russo, C Chimenti; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=733-740; citation_id=CR66 citation_journal_title=European Heart Journal; citation_title=Quantitative assessment of endomyocardial biopsy in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: an in vitro validation of diagnostic criteria; citation_author=C Basso, F Ronco, F Marcus, A Abudureheman, S Rizzo, AC Frigo; citation_volume=29; citation_issue=22; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=2760-2771; citation_id=CR67 citation_journal_title=Journal of the American College of Cardiology; citation_title=Histologic findings in patients with clinical and instrumental diagnosis of sporadic arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia; citation_author=C Chimenti, M Pieroni, A Maseri, A Frustaci; citation_volume=43; citation_issue=12; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=2305-2313; citation_id=CR68 citation_journal_title=Journal of the American College of Cardiology; citation_title=The detection of cardiotropic viruses in the myocardium of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy; citation_author=NE Bowles, J Ni, F Marcus, JA Towbin; citation_volume=39; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=892-895; citation_id=CR69 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=Relation of regional cross-fiber shortening to wall thickening in the intact heart: three-dimensional strain analysis by NMR tagging; citation_author=FE Rademakers, WJ Rogers, WH Guier, GM Hutchins, CO Siu, ML Weisfeldt; citation_volume=89; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=1174-1182; citation_id=CR70 citation_journal_title=European Heart Journal; citation_title=Running: the risk of coronary events - prevalence and prognostic relevance of coronary atherosclerosis in marathon runners; citation_author=S Möhlenkamp, N Lehmann, F Breuckmann, M Bröcker-Preuss, K Nassenstein, M Halle; citation_volume=29; citation_issue=15; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=1903-1910; citation_id=CR71 citation_journal_title=Radiology; citation_title=Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement: prevalence, pattern, and prognostic relevance in marathon runners; citation_author=F Breuckmann, S Möhlenkamp, K Nassenstein, N Lehmann, S Ladd, A Schmermund; citation_volume=251; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=50-57; citation_id=CR72 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=Right and left ventricular function and mass in male elite master athletes: a controlled contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance study; citation_author=P Bohm, G Schneider, L Linneweber, A Rentzsch, N Krämer, H Abdul-Khaliq; citation_volume=133; citation_issue=20; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1927-1935; citation_id=CR73 citation_journal_title=International Journal of Cardiology; citation_title=No evidence of adverse cardiac remodeling in former elite endurance athletes; citation_author=F Sanchis-Gomar, M López-Ramón, R Alis, N Garatachea, H Pareja-Galeano, A Santos-Lozano; citation_volume=222; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=171-177; citation_id=CR74 citation_journal_title=Circulation; citation_title=Prevalence of subclinical coronary artery disease in masters endurance athletes with a low atherosclerotic risk profile; citation_author=A Merghani, V Maestrini, S Rosmini, AT Cox, H Dhutia, R Bastiaenan; citation_volume=136; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=126-137; citation_id=CR75 citation_journal_title=JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging; citation_title=Myocardial fibrosis in competitive triathletes detected by contrast-enhanced CMR correlates with exercise-induced hypertension and competition history; citation_author=E Tahir, J Starekova, K Muellerleile, A Stritzky, J Münch, M Avanesov; citation_volume=11; citation_issue=9; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1260-1270; citation_id=CR76 citation_journal_title=The American Journal of Cardiology; citation_title=Relation of biomarkers and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after marathon running; citation_author=N Mousavi, A Czarnecki, K Kumar, N Fallah-Rad, M Lytwyn, SY Han; citation_volume=103; citation_issue=10; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=1467-1472; citation_id=CR77 citation_journal_title=Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance; citation_title=Troponin release following endurance exercise: is inflammation the cause? A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study; citation_author=R O’Hanlon, M Wilson, R Wage, G Smith, F Alpendurada, J Wong; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=38; citation_id=CR78 citation_journal_title=Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography; citation_title=The role of three-dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of right ventricular dysfunction after a half marathon: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; citation_author=SR Oomah, N Mousavi, N Bhullar, K Kumar, JR Walker, M Lytwyn; citation_volume=24; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=207-213; citation_id=CR79 citation_journal_title=Journal of Applied Physiology; citation_title=Diverse patterns of myocardial fibrosis in lifelong, veteran endurance athletes; citation_author=M Wilson, R O’Hanlon, S Prasad, A Deighan, P MacMillan, D Oxborough; citation_volume=110; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=1622-1626; citation_id=CR80 citation_journal_title=European Heart Journal; citation_title=Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance athletes; citation_author=A Gerche, AT Burns, DJ Mooney, WJ Inder, AJ Taylor, J Bogaert; citation_volume=33; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=998-1006; citation_id=CR81 citation_journal_title=The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging; citation_title=Correlation between ECG abnormalities and cardiac parameters in highly trained asymptomatic male endurance athletes: evaluation using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; citation_author=G Erz, S Mangold, E Franzen, CD Claussen, AM Niess, C Burgstahler, U Kramer; citation_volume=29; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=325-334; citation_id=CR82 citation_journal_title=Rofo; citation_title=Detection of cardiovascular disease in elite athletes using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; citation_author=S Mangold, U Kramer, E Franzen, G Erz, C Bretschneider, A Seeger; citation_volume=185; citation_issue=12; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=1167-1174; citation_id=CR83 citation_journal_title=Heart and Vessels; citation_title=Comparison of morphological and functional adaptations of the heart in highly trained triathletes and long-distance runners using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; citation_author=E Franzen, S Mangold, G Erz, CD Claussen, AM Niess, U Kramer, C Burgstahler; citation_volume=28; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=626-631; citation_id=CR84 Corrado, D., Van Tintelen, J., Mckenna, W., Hauer, R., Anastasakis, A., Asimaki, A., et al. (2019). Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: evaluation of the current diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis. European Heart Journal in press. citation_journal_title=European Journal of Preventive Cardiology; citation_title=Recommendations for participation in competitive sport and leisure-time physical activity in individuals with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis and pericarditis; citation_author=A Pelliccia, D Corrado, HH Bjã¸rnstad, N Panhuyzen-Goedkoop, A Urhausen, F Carre; citation_volume=13; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=876-885; citation_id=CR86 citation_journal_title=Journal of the American College of Cardiology; citation_title=Task Force 4: HCM and other cardiomyopathies, mitral valve prolapse, myocarditis, and Marfan syndrome; citation_author=BJ Maron, MJ Ackerman, RA Nishimura, RE Pyeritz, JA Towbin, JE Udelson; citation_volume=45; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=1340-1345; citation_id=CR87 citation_journal_title=European Heart Journal; citation_title=Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure time sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis: position statement of the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC); citation_author=A Pelliccia, EE Solberg, M Papadakis, PE Adami, A Biffi, S Caselli; citation_volume=40; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=19-33; citation_id=CR88 citation_journal_title=Journal of the American College of Cardiology; citation_title=Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 3: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and other cardiomyopathies, and myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology; citation_author=BJ Maron, JE Udelson, RO Bonow, RA Nishimura, MJ Ackerman, NAM Estes; citation_volume=66; citation_issue=21; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=2362-2371; citation_id=CR89 citation_journal_title=Heart Rhythm; citation_title=Diagnostic value and prognostic implications of early cardiac magnetic resonance in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; citation_author=A Zorzi, A Susana, M Lazzari, F Migliore, G Vescovo, D Scarpa; citation_volume=15; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1031-1041; citation_id=CR90 citation_journal_title=Europace; citation_title=Phenotypic expression is a prerequisite for malignant arrhythmic events and sudden cardiac death in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy; citation_author=A Zorzi, I Rigato, K Pilichou, MP Marra, F Migliore, E Mazzotti; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=1086-1094; citation_id=CR91