Addressing awareness gaps in environmental valuation: choice experiments with citizens in the Inner Forth, Scotland
Tóm tắt
Managed realignment of shorelines to manage floods and restore wetland can be difficult to implement without the support and involvement of local communities. Ecosystem service valuation tools, such as choice experiments, can be used to engage citizens in planning these sustainable transitions, yet citizens need to know their local shoreline and the pressures it is facing. Otherwise, people’s ability to participate in local governance and to value potential changes is limited. The aim of this study is to identify and address awareness gaps that would hinder informed participation in a choice experiment: we address awareness gaps through deliberative interventions in a workshop setting, and by measuring the impact of deliberation through a comparison of choice experiment results performed before and after each stage of deliberation with citizens living on the shores of the Inner Forth estuary in Scotland. We estimate separate choice models for each of the choice experiments and find that deliberation increases both the resistance to ‘status quo’ and support for landscape-scale managed realignment of the shoreline. The deliberative interventions helped to identify clearer shoreline priorities and reduce contradictory patterns in shoreline preference. After gaining experience and deliberation, we find participants to become more selective: willingness to pay decreases substantially and model performance improves (slightly). Preferences diverge after learning about shoreline issues, whereas discussion converges preferences for the two most important shoreline attributes. These findings suggest that deliberative valuation not only shapes citizens’ attitudes towards shoreline management but also improves the quality of citizen engagement in the delivery of sustainable transitions.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Álvarez-Farizo B, Hanley N (2006) Improving the process of valuing non-market benefits: combining citizens’ juries with choice modelling. Land Econ 82:465–478. https://doi.org/10.3368/le.82.3.465
Álvarez-Farizo B, Hanley N, Barberán R, Lázaro A (2007) Choice modeling at the “market stall”: individual versus collective interest in environmental valuation. Ecol Econ 60:743–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.01.009
Anthony AJ, Atwood P, August P, Byron C, Cobb S, Foster C, Fry C, Gold A, Hagos K, Heffner L, Kellogg DQ, Lellis-Dibble K, Opaluch JJ, Oviatt C, Pfeiffer-Herbert A, Rohr N, Smith L, Smythe T, Swift J, Vinhateiro N (2009) Coastal lagoons and climate change: ecological and social ramifications in the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coast ecosystems. Ecol Soc 14:8. https://doi.org/10.5751/es-02719-140108
Bateman IJ, Burgess D, Hutchinson WG, Matthews DI (2008) Learning design contingent valuation (LDCV): NOAA guidelines, preference learning and coherent arbitrariness. J Environ Econ Manag 55:127–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2007.08.003
Bergstrom JC, Stoll JR, Randall A (1990) The impact of information on environmental commodity valuation decisions. Am J Agr Econ 72:614–621. https://doi.org/10.2307/1243031
Brouwer R, Dekker T, Rolfe J, Windle J (2010) Choice certainty and consistency in repeated choice experiments. Environ Res Econ 46:93–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-009-9337-x
Bullock CH, Kay J (1997) Preservation and change in the upland landscape: the public benefits of grazing management. J Environ Plan Manag 40:315–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640569712119
Campbell D, Hensher DA, Scarpa R (2011) Non-attendance to attributes in environmental choice analysis: a latent class specification. J Environ Plan Manag 54:1061–1076. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2010.549367
Carlsson F, Mørkbak MR, Olsen SB (2012) The first time is the hardest: a test of ordering effects in choice experiments. J Choice Model 5:19–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1755-5345(13)70051-4
Christie M, Hanley N, Warren J, Murphy K, Wright R, Hyde T (2006) Valuing the diversity of biodiversity. Ecol Econ 58:304–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.07.034
Christie M, Rayment M (2012) An economic assessment of the ecosystem service benefits derived from the SSSI biodiversity conservation policy in England and Wales. Ecosyst Serv 1:70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.004
Daly A, Hess S, Train K (2012) Assuring finite moments for willingness to pay in random coefficient models. Transp 39:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-011-9331-3
Dietz T, Stern PC, Dan A (2009) How deliberation affects stated willingness to pay for mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions: an experiment. Land Econ 85:329–347. https://doi.org/10.3368/le.85.2.329
Falk-Andersson J, Foley NS, Armstrong CW, van den Hove S, van Rensburg TM, Tinch R (2015) A deliberative approach to valuation and precautionary management of cold water corals in Norway. Marit Stud 14:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40152-015-0023-z
Ferragina E, Tomlinson M, Walker R (2013) Poverty, participation and choice. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/poverty-participation-and-choice. Accessed 4 July 2017
Fisher RJ, Katz JE (1999) Social-desirability bias and the validity of self-reported values. Psychol Market 17:105–120. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6793(200002)17:2<105::AID-MAR3>3.0.CO;2-9
Folke C (2004) Traditional knowledge in social–ecological systems. Ecol Soc 9:7. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01237-090307
Hanley N, Wright RE, Adamowicz V (1998) Using choice experiments to value the environment. Environ Resourc Econ 11:413–428. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008287310583
Hensher DA, Rose JM, Greene WH (2005) Applied choice analysis: a primer. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Hess S, Daly A, Dekker T, Cabral MO, Batley R (2017) A framework for capturing heterogeneity, heteroskedasticity, non-linearity, reference dependence and design artefacts in value of time research. Transp Res Part B Meth 96:126–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2016.11.002
Huntington HP, Brown-Schwalenberg PK, Frost KJ, Fernandez-Gimenez ME, Norton DW, Rosenberg DH (2002) Observations on the workshop as a means of improving communication between holders of traditional and scientific knowledge. Environ Manag 30:0778–0792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2749-9, 778
Irvine KN, O’Brien L, Ravenscroft N, Cooper N, Everard M, Fazey I, Reed MS, Kenter JO (2016) Ecosystem services and the idea of shared values. Ecosyst Serv 21:184–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.07.001
Jacobs M (1997) Environmental valuation, deliberative democracy and public decision-making institutions. In: Foster J (ed) Valuing nature? Ethics, economics and the environment, 1st Edn. Routledge, London, pp 211–231
Johnston RJ, Boyle KJ, Adamowicz W, Bennett J, Brouwer R, Cameron TA, Hanemann WM, Hanley N, Ryan M, Scarpa R, Tourangeau R, Vossler CA (2017) Contemporary guidance for stated preference studies. J Assoc Environ Resour Econ 4:319–405. https://doi.org/10.1086/691697
Kenter JO, Hyde T, Christie M, Fazey I (2011) The importance of deliberation in valuing ecosystem services in developing countries—evidence from the Solomon Islands. Glob Environ Change 21:505–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.001
Kenter JO (2016a) Integrating deliberative monetary valuation, systems modelling and participatory mapping to assess shared values of ecosystem services. Ecosyst Serv 21:291–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.06.010
Kenter JO (2016b) Editorial: shared, plural and cultural values. Ecosyst. Serv 21:175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.10.010
Kenter JO, Jobstvogt N, Watson V, Irvine KN, Christie M, Bryce R (2016) The impact of information, value-deliberation and group-based decision-making on values for ecosystem services: integrating deliberative monetary valuation and storytelling. Ecosyst. Serv 21:270–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.06.006
Koetse MJ (2017) Effects of payment vehicle non-attendance in choice experiments on value estimates and the WTA–WTP disparity. J Environ Econ Policy 6:225–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2016.1268979
Krinsky I, Robb AL (1986) On approximating the statistical properties of elasticities. Rev Econ Stat 68:715–719. https://doi.org/10.2307/1924536
Le Saout S, Hoffmann M, Shi Y, Hughes A, Bernard C, Brooks TM, Bertzky B, Butchart SH, Stuart SN, Badman T, Rodrigues AS (2013) Protected areas and effective biodiversity conservation. Sci 342:803–805. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239268
Lienhoop N (2005) Valuing wilderness preservation in Iceland using WTP and WTA: an investigation into data collection modes. Dissertation, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ
Lienhoop N, MacMillan DC (2007) Contingent valuation: comparing participant performance in group-based approaches and personal interviews. Environ Values 16:209–232. https://doi.org/10.3197/096327107780474500
Lienhoop N, Bartkowski B, Hansjuergens B (2015) Informing biodiversity policy: the role of economic valuation, deliberative institutions and deliberative monetary valuation. Environ Sci Pol 54:522–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.01.007
Lienhoop N, Voelker M (2016) Preference refinement in deliberative choice experiments for ecosystem service valuation. Land Econ 92:555–577. https://doi.org/10.3368/le.92.3.555
Lo AY, Spash CL (2013) Deliberative monetary valuation: in search of a democratic and value plural approach to environmental policy. J Econ Surv 27:768–789. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2011.00718.x
Louviere JJ, Hensher DA, Swait JD (2000) Stated choice methods: analysis and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
UK Climate Projections (2009) Sea level rise. http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23771. Accessed 7 June 2018
Luisetti T, Turner RK, Bateman IJ, Morse-Jones S, Adams C, Fonseca L (2011) Coastal and marine ecosystem services valuation for policy and management: managed realignment case studies in England. Ocean Coast Manag 54:212–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.11.003
MacMillan DC, Philip L, Hanley N, Álvarez-Farizo B (2002) Valuing the non-market benefits of wild goose conservation: a comparison of interview and group based approaches. Ecol Econ 43:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00182-9
MacMillan D, Hanley N, Lienhoop N (2006) Contingent valuation: environmental polling or preference engine? Ecol Econ 60:299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.11.031
Mann HB, Whitney DR (1947) On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Ann Math Statist 18:50–60. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177730491
McCrum G, Blackstock K, Matthews K, Rivington M, Miller D, Buchan K (2009) Adapting to climate change in land management: the role of deliberative workshops in enhancing social learning. Environ Policy Gov 19:413–426. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.525
Myatt-Bell LB, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN, Potts JS (2002) Public perception of managed realignment: Brancaster West Marysh, North Norfolk, UK. Mar Policy 26:45–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-597X(01)00033-1
Olsson P, Folke C (2001) Local ecological knowledge and institutional dynamics for ecosystem management: a study of Lake Racken Watershed, Sweden. Ecosyst 4:85–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000061
Ostrom E (2007) A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:15181–15187. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702288104
Poe G, K. Giraud K., Loomis J (2005) Computational methods for measuring the difference of empirical distributions. Am J Agric Econ 87: 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2005.00727.x
Provencher B, Bishop RC (2004) Does accounting for preference heterogeneity improve the forecasting of a random utility model? J Environ Econ Manag 48:793–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2003.11.001
Raymond CM, Fazey I, Reed MS, Stringer LC, Robinson GM, Evely AC (2010) Integrating local and scientific knowledge for environmental management. J Environ Manag 91:1766–1777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.03.023
Reed M, Evely A, Cundill G, Fazey I, Glass J, Laing A, Newig J, Parrish B, Prell C, Raymond C, Stringer L (2010) What is social learning? Ecol Soc 15:1. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03564-1504r01
Renn O, Schweizer P-J (2009) Inclusive risk governance: concepts and application to environmental policy making. Environ. Policy Gov 19:174–185. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.507
Rennie AF, Hansom JD (2011) Sea level trend reversal: land uplift outpaced by sea level rise on Scotland’s coast. Geomorph 125:193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.09.015
Richardson BJ, Razzaque J (2006) Public participation in environmental decision-making. Environ Law Sustain:165–194
Robinson J, Clouston B, Suh J, Chaloupka M (2008) Are citizens’ juries a useful tool for assessing environmental value? Environ Conserv 35:351–360. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892908005213
Roca E, Villares M (2012) Public perceptions of managed realignment strategies: the case study of the Ebro Delta in the Mediterranean basin. Ocean Coast Manag 60:38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.01.002
Scarano FR (2006) Plant community structure and function in a swamp forest within the Atlantic rain forest complex: a synthesis. Rodriguésia 57:491–502
Scottish Government (2016) Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. http://simd.scot/2016/#/simd2016/BTTTFTT/9/-4.0000/55.9000. Accessed 28 July 2017
Shapansky B, Adamowicz WL, Boxall PC (2008) Assessing information provision and respondent involvement effects on preferences. Ecol Econ 65:626–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.08.012
Shogren JF (2006) Valuation in the lab. Environ Resourc Econ 34:163–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-005-3785-8
Spash CL (2007) Deliberative monetary valuation (DMV): issues in combining economic and political processes to value environmental change. Ecol Econ 63:690–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.02.014
Stern PC, Fineberg HV (1996) Understanding risk: informing decisions in a democratic society. National Academy Press, Washington DC 249 pp
Train KE (2009) Discrete choice methods with simulation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Turner RK, Burgess D, Hadley D, Coombes E, Jackson N (2007) A cost-benefit appraisal of coastal managed realignment policy. Glob. Environ. Change 17:397–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.05.006
Turner RK, Morse-Jones S, Fisher B (2010) Ecosystem valuation: a sequential decision support system and quality assessment issues. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1185:79–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05280.x
Vatn A (2004) Environmental valuation and rationality. Land Econ 80:1–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/3147141
Vatn A (2009) An institutional analysis of methods for environmental appraisal. Ecol Econ 68:2207–2215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.005
Völker M, Lienhoop N (2016) Exploring group dynamics in deliberative choice experiments. Ecol Econ 123:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.01.006
Wolters M, Garbutt A, Bakker JP (2005) Salt-marsh restoration: evaluating the success of de-embankments in north-west Europe. Biol Conserv 123:249–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.11.013