Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) - Tập 317 Số 5844 - Trang 1513-1516 - 2007
Jianguo Liu1,2,3,4,5, Thomas Dietz1,2,3,4,5, Stephen R. Carpenter1,2,3,4,5, Marina Alberti1,2,3,4,5, Carl Folke1,2,3,4,5, Emílio F. Moran1,2,3,4,5, Alice N. Pell1,2,3,4,5, Peter Deadman1,2,3,4,5, Timothy K. Kratz1,2,3,4,5, Jane Lubchenco1,2,3,4,5, Элинор Остром1,2,3,4,5, Zhiyun Ouyang1,2,3,4,5, William Provencher1,2,3,4,5, Charles L. Redman1,2,3,4,5, Stephen H. Schneider1,2,3,4,5, William W. Taylor1,2,3,4,5
1Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
2Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
3Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
4Environmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
5The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Post Office Box 50005, SE 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.

Tóm tắt

Integrated studies of coupled human and natural systems reveal new and complex patterns and processes not evident when studied by social or natural scientists separately. Synthesis of six case studies from around the world shows that couplings between human and natural systems vary across space, time, and organizational units. They also exhibit nonlinear dynamics with thresholds, reciprocal feedback loops, time lags, resilience, heterogeneity, and surprises. Furthermore, past couplings have legacy effects on present conditions and future possibilities.

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We thank T. Baerwald for his support and inspiration for this paper. We also thank R. May and three anonymous reviewers for constructive comments and suggestions; E. Brondizio N. Reo and L. VanWey for their helpful input; and S. Li for her able editorial assistance. We acknowledge J. Marzluff for providing data for Fig. 3 as well as numerous collaborators and students for their contributions to data collection and analysis in the projects described here. Financial support was provided by NSF (Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human Systems and North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research site) NIH National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Natural Science Foundation of China Michigan State University (Michigan Agricultural Experimental Station Rachel Carson Chair in Sustainability University Distinguished Professorship and Environmental Research Initiative) Swedish Research Council for the Environment Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning and Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research.

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American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Tập 317 Số 5844

1513-1516

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