Low concentrations of fine particle air pollution and mortality in the Canadian Community Health Survey cohort

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 18 Số 1 - 2019
Tanya Christidis1, Anders C. Erickson2, Amanda J. Pappin1, Dan L. Crouse3, Lauren Pinault1, Scott Weichenthal4, Jeffrey R. Brook5, Aaron van Donkelaar6, Perry Hystad7, Randall V. Martin6, Michael Tjepkema1, Richard T. Burnett8, Michael Bräuer2
1Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, 100 Tunney's Pasture Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0T6, Canada
2School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
3Department of Sociology, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
4Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, 1110 Pine Ave West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada
5Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1P8, Canada
6Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, 6310 Coburg Road, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
7College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 2520 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
8Population Studies Division, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada

Tóm tắt

Abstract Background Approximately 2.9 million deaths are attributed to ambient fine particle air pollution around the world each year (PM2.5). In general, cohort studies of mortality and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations have limited information on individuals exposed to low levels of PM2.5 as well as covariates such as smoking behaviours, alcohol consumption, and diet which may confound relationships with mortality. This study provides an updated and extended analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey-Mortality cohort: a population-based cohort with detailed PM2.5 exposure data and information on a number of important individual-level behavioural risk factors. We also used this rich dataset to provide insight into the shape of the concentration-response curve for mortality at low levels of PM2.5. Methods Respondents to the Canadian Community Health Survey from 2000 to 2012 were linked by postal code history from 1981 to 2016 to high resolution PM2.5 exposure estimates, and mortality incidence to 2016. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the relationship between non-accidental mortality and ambient PM2.5 concentrations (measured as a three-year average with a one-year lag) adjusted for socio-economic, behavioural, and time-varying contextual covariates. Results In total, 50,700 deaths from non-accidental causes occurred in the cohort over the follow-up period. Annual average ambient PM2.5 concentrations were low (i.e. 5.9 μg/m3, s.d. 2.0) and each 10 μg/m3 increase in exposure was associated with an increase in non-accidental mortality (HR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.04–1.18). Adjustment for behavioural covariates did not materially change this relationship. We estimated a supra-linear concentration-response curve extending to concentrations below 2 μg/m3 using a shape constrained health impact function. Mortality risks associated with exposure to PM2.5 were increased for males, those under age 65, and non-immigrants. Hazard ratios for PM2.5 and mortality were attenuated when gaseous pollutants were included in models. Conclusions Outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were associated with non-accidental mortality and adjusting for individual-level behavioural covariates did not materially change this relationship. The concentration-response curve was supra-linear with increased mortality risks extending to low outdoor PM2.5 concentrations.

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