Prey‐race drives differentiation of biotypes in ant‐eating spiders

Journal of Animal Ecology - Tập 81 Số 4 - Trang 838-848 - 2012
Stano Pekár1, Jakub Šmerda1, Martina Hrušková1, Ondřej Šedo2, Christoph Muster3, Pedro Cardoso4,5, Zbyněk Zdráhal2, Stanislav Korenko1, Petr Bureš1, Eva Líznarová1, Lenka Sentenská1
1Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
2Proteomics Core Facility, Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central-European Technology Institute, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
3Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
4Azorean Biodiversity Group – CITA-A, University of Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
5Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA

Tóm tắt

Summary

1. Disruptive natural selection resulting from specialization on different hosts is recognized as one of the most important driving forces in the diversification of herbivores and parasites. It has been proposed that a similar mechanism could apply to carnivorous predators too, although the evidence is still lacking.

2. Here, we show that the differentiation of biotypes of specialized ant‐eating spiders of the genusZodarionhas probably been induced by prey‐shifting. We focused on two forms of one speciesZ. styliferumfrom the Iberian Peninsula that presumably represent ecological races. We conducted geographic, ecological, venom‐oriented, reproductive and genetic divergence analysis among multiple populations collected at a number of sites across Portugal and Madeira.

3. Geographic analysis revealed that the two forms occur in mosaic sympatry. Each form was found to associate in nature with a different ant species in a different habitat. Specifically, thestyliferumform hunted predominantlyMessorants, and theextraneumform hunted mainlyCamponotusants. Laboratory experiments revealed that the two forms exhibit a significant preference for attacking focal ants, demonstrating higher paralysis efficiency, and also show different venom composition. Cross‐mating of the two forms was significantly less likely than between pairs of the same form, suggesting moderate assortative mating. Phylogenetic analyses indicate low genetic differentiation of the two forms and parallel‐repeated evolution of biotypes.

4. Adaptive prey‐shifting correlated with habitat preference are at present the most valid explanations for biotype formation inZodarion. The speciation of ant‐eatingZodarionspiders thus appears to follow a scenario similar to that of host‐shifting in parasites and herbivores.

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Journal of Animal Ecology

Tập 81 Số 4

838-848

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