Light-dependent effects of alpha-terthienyl in eggs, larvae, and pupae of mosquitoAedes aegypti
Tóm tắt
Alpha-terthienyl is toxic toAedes aegypti larvae in the dark, but its activity is much enhanced in the presence of ultraviolet light. The development of first-instar larvae treated with alpha-terthienyl and ultraviolet light was followed until the emergence of adults. The LC50 value for first instars was about 0.002 ppm. Practically all the larvae which survived 24 hr reached adulthood. Fourth-instar larvae were also sensitive to photochemical treatment. When their development into adults was followed, the LC50 value was 0.45 ppm. Contrary to earlier reports, alpha-terthienyl was also phototoxic in pupae, but not when the adults were about to emerge. The LC50 value was ca. 0.06 ppm for pupae which were 1 or 2 days old. This is the first example where the activity of a photoinsecticide has been demonstrated in pupae. Alpha-terthienyl did not affect the hatching of eggs.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Arnason, J.T., Swain, T., Wat, C.K., Graham, E.A., Partington, S., Lam, J., andTowers, G.H.N. 1981a. Mosquito larvicides from polyacetylenes occurring naturally in the Asteraceae.Biochem. Syst, Ecol. 9:63–68.
Arnason, T., Chan, G.F.Q., Wat, C.K., Downum, K., andTowers, G.H.N. 1981b. Oxygen requirement for near-UV mediated phototoxicity of alpha-terthienyl toEscherichia coli andSaccharomyces cerevisiae.Photochem. Photobiol. 33:821–824.
Barker, J., Gommers, F.J., Nieuwenhuis, I., andWynberg, H. 1979. Photoactivation of the nematicidal compound α-terthienyl from roots of marigolds (Tagetes species). A possible singlet oxygen role.J. Biol. Chem. 254:1841–1844.
Bohlmann, F., andZdero, C. 1985. Naturally occurring thiophenes.Chem. Heterocyd. Compd. 44:261–323.
Champagne, D.E., Arnason, J.T., Philogene, B.J.R., Campbell, G., andMcLachlan, D.G. 1984. Photosensitization and feeding deterrence inEuxoa messoria (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by alpha-terthienyl, a naturally occurring thiophene from the Asteraceae.Experientia 40:577–578.
Downum, K.R., Hancock, R.E.W., andTowers, G.H.N. 1982. Mode of action of α-terthienyl onEscherichia coli: Evidence for a photodynamic effect on membranes.Photochem. Photobiol. 36:517–523.
Downum, K.R., Rosenthal, G.A., andTowers, G.H.N. 1984. Phototoxicity of the allelochemical, α-terthienyl, to larvae ofManduca sexta (L.) (Sphingidae).Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 22:104–109.
Gommers, F.J., Barker, J., andSmits, L. 1980. Effect of singlet oxygen generated by the nematocidal compound alpha-terthienyl fromTagetes on the nematodeAphelenchus avenae.Nematologica 82:1–8.
Haddow, A.J., Gillett, J.D., andCorbet, P.S. 1959. Laboratory observations on pupation and emergence in the mosquitoAedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus).Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 53:123–131.
Kagan, J., andArora, S.K. 1983. 2,5-Di(2′-thienyl)furan and an improved synthesis of alphaterthienyl.Heterocydes 20:1941–1943.
Kagan, J., andChan, G. 1983. The photoovicidal activity of plant components towardsDrosophila melanogaster.Experientia 39:402–403.
Kagan, J., Beny, J.P., Chan, G., Dhawan, S.N., Jaworski, J.A., Kagan, E.D., Kassner, P.A., Murphy, M., andRogers, J. 1983. The phototoxicity of some 1,3-butadiynes and related thiophenes against the larvae of the mosquitoAedes aegypti and of the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster.Insect Sci. Appl. 4:377–381.
Kagan, J., Hasson, M., andGrynspan, F. 1984a. The inactivation of acetylcholinesterase by alpha-terthienyl and ultraviolet light. Studies in vitro and in larvae of the mosquitoAedes aegypti.Biochem. Biophys. Acta 802:442–447.
Kagan, J., Kagan, P.A., andBuhse, H., Jr. 1984b. Light-dependent toxicity of alpha-terthienyl and anthracene toward late embryonic stages ofRana pipiens.J. Chem. Ecol. 10:1117–1122.
Kagan, J., Szczepanski, P., Bindokas, V., Wulff, W.D., andMcCallum, J.S. 1986a. Delayed phototoxic effects of 8-methoxypsoralen, khellin, and sphondin inAedes aegypti.J. Chem. Ecol. 12:897–912.
Kagan, J., Kagan, E.D., andSeigneurie, E. 1986b. Alpha-terthienyl, a powerful fish poison with light-dependent activity.Chemosphere 15:49–55.
McLachand, D., Arnason, T., andLam, J. 1984. The role of oxygen in photosensitization with polyacetylenes and thiophene derivatives.Photochem. Photobiol. 39:177–182.
Philogene, B.J.R., Arnason, J.T., Berg, C.W., Duval, F., Champagne, D., Taylor, R.G., Leitch, L.C., andMorand, P. 1985. Synthesis and evaluation of the naturally occurring phototoxin, alpha-erthienyl, as a control agent for larvae ofAedes intrudens, Aedes atropalpus (Diptera: Culicadae) andSimulium verecundum (Diptera: Simuliidae).J. Econ. Entomol. 78:121–126.
Reyftmann, J.P., Kagan, J., Santus, R., andMorliere, P. 1985. Excited state properties of alpha-terthienyl and related molecules.Photochem. Photobiol. 41:1–7.
Towers, G.H.N. 1980. Photosensitizers from plants and their photodynamic action, pp. 183–202.in L. Reinhold, J.B. Harborne, and T. Swain (eds.). Progress in Phytochemistry, Vol. 6. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Towers, G.H.N., Arnason, T., Wat, C.K., andLambert, J.D.H. 1984. Method for controlling pests using a naturally occurring conjugated acetylene. Can. Pat. 1, 172,460.
Wat, C.K., Prasad, S., Graham, E., Partington, S., Arnason, T., Towers, G.H.N., andLam, J. 1981. Photosensitization of invertebrates by polyacetylenes isolated from species in the Asteraceae.Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 9:59–62.
Wigglesworth, V.B. 1973. The Principles of Insect Physiology, 7th ed. Methuen, London. 827 pp.
Yamamoto, E., MacRae, W.D., Garcia, F.J., andTowers, G.H.N. 1984. Photodynamic hemolysis caused by alpha-terthienyl.Planta Med. 50:124–127.
Zar, J.H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 718 pp.