VSL#3 probiotic treatment attenuates fibrosis without changes in steatohepatitis in a diet‐induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model in mice†

Angulo, 2002, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, N Engl J Med, 346, 1221, 10.1056/NEJMra011775

Clark, 2002, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Gastroenterology, 122, 1649, 10.1053/gast.2002.33573

Larter, 2006, Insulin resistance, adiponectin, cytokines in NASH: which is the best target to treat?, J Hepatol, 44, 253, 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.11.030

Farrell, 2006, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from steatosis to cirrhosis, HEPATOLOGY, 43, S99, 10.1002/hep.20973

Tilg, 2006, Cytokines in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, N Engl J Med, 343, 1467, 10.1056/NEJM200011163432007

dela Pena, 2005, NF‐κB activation, rather than TNF, mediates hepatic inflammation in a murine dietary model of steatohepatitis, Gastroenterology, 129, 1663, 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.004

Chitturi, 2001, Etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Semin Liver Dis, 21, 27, 10.1055/s-2001-12927

Clark, 2003, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. An underrecognized cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis, JAMA, 289, 3000, 10.1001/jama.289.22.3000

Guarner, 2006, Enteric flora in health and disease, Digestion, 73, 5, 10.1159/000089775

Li, 2003, Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibit inflammatory activity and improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, HEPATOLOGY, 37, 343, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50048

Loguercio, 2005, Beneficial effects of a probiotic VSL#3 on parameters of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases, J Clin Gastroenterol, 39, 540, 10.1097/01.mcg.0000165671.25272.0f

Richardson, 2007, Progressive fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association with altered regeneration and a ductular reaction, Gastroenterology, 133, 80, 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.012

Ewaschuk, 2007, Probiotic bacteria prevent hepatic damage and maintain colonic barrier function in a mouse model of sepsis, HEPATOLOGY, 46, 841, 10.1002/hep.21750

Yamaguchi, 2007, Inhibiting triglyceride synthesis improves hepatic steatosis but exacerbates liver damage and fibrosis in obese mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, HEPATOLOGY, 45, 1366, 10.1002/hep.21655

Yamaguchi, 2008, Diacylglycerol acyltranferase 1 anti‐sense oligonucleotides reduce hepatic fibrosis in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, HEPATOLOGY, 47, 625, 10.1002/hep.21988

Rahman, 2007, CCAAT/enhancing binding protein beta deletion in mice attenuates inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and lipid accumulation in diet‐induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, HEPATOLOGY, 45, 1108, 10.1002/hep.21614

Romics, 2004, Selective priming to Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), not TLR2, ligands by P. acnes involves up‐regulation of MD‐2 in mice, HEPATOLOGY, 40, 555, 10.1002/hep.20350

Velayudham, 2006, Critical role of Toll‐like receptors and the common TLR adaptor, MyD88, in induction of granulomas and liver injury, J Hepatol, 45, 813, 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.06.017

Eng, 2000, Fibrogenesis I. New insights into hepatic stellate cell activation: the simple becomes complex, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 279, G7, 10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.1.G7

Yavrom, 2005, Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma suppresses proximal alpha1(I) collagen promoter via inhibition of p300‐facilitated NF‐I binding to DNA in hepatic stellate cells, J Biol Chem, 280, 40650, 10.1074/jbc.M510094200

Hazra, 2004, Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ induces a phenotypic switch from activated to quiescent hepatic stellate cells, J Biol Chem, 279, 11392, 10.1074/jbc.M310284200

Puigserver, 2003, Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC‐1 alpha): transcriptional coactivator and metabolic regulator, Endocr Rev, 24, 78, 10.1210/er.2002-0012

Benyon, 2001, Extracellular matrix degradation and the role of hepatic stellate cells, Semin Liver Dis, 21, 373, 10.1055/s-2001-17552

Arthur, 1992, Secretion of 72 kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase by cultured human lipocytes. Analysis of gene expression, protein synthesis and proteinase activity, Biochem J, 287, 701, 10.1042/bj2870701

Marx, 1998, Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma activators inhibit gene expression and migration in human vascular smooth muscle cells, Circ Res, 83, 1097, 10.1161/01.RES.83.11.1097

Seki, 2007, TLR4 enhances TGF‐beta signaling and hepatic fibrosis, Nat Med, 13, 1324, 10.1038/nm1663

Crespo, 2001, Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and TNF‐receptors, p55 and p75, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients, HEPATOLOGY, 34, 1158, 10.1053/jhep.2001.29628

Szabo, 2006, Pattern recognition receptors: a contemporary view on liver diseases, HEPATOLOGY, 44, 287, 10.1002/hep.21308

Fitzgerald, 2004, Endotoxin recognition and signal transduction by the TLR4/MD2‐complex, Microbes Infect, 6, 1361, 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.08.015

Dooley, 2003, Smad7 prevents activation of hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis in rats, Gastroenterology, 125, 178, 10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00666-8

Houglum, 1997, A pilot study of the effects of d‐alpha‐tocopherol on hepatic stellate cell activation in chronic hepatitis C, Gastroenterology, 113, 1069, 10.1053/gast.1997.v113.pm9322499

Hart, 2004, Modulation of human dendritic cell phenotype and function by probiotic bacteria, Gut, 53, 1602, 10.1136/gut.2003.037325

Sung, 2004, Tumor necrosis factor‐α inhibits peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ activity at a posttranslational level in hepatic stellate cells, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 286, G722, 10.1152/ajpgi.00411.2003

Powell, 2007, Nuclear receptor cofactors in PPARgamma‐mediated adipogenesis and adipocyte energy metabolism, PPAR Res, 2007, 53843, 10.1155/2007/53843

Miyahara, 2000, Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors and hepatic stellate cell activation, J Biol Chem, 275, 35715, 10.1074/jbc.M006577200

Massagué, 2005, Smad transcription factors, Genes Dev, 19, 2783, 10.1101/gad.1350705

Onichtchouk, 1999, Silencing of TGF‐beta signaling by the pseudoreceptor BAMBI, Nature, 401, 480, 10.1038/46794

Gazzerro, 2006, Bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists, Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 7, 51, 10.1007/s11154-006-9000-6

Carneiro, 2006, Graded maternal short gastrulation protein contributes to embryonic dorsal‐ventral patterning by delayed induction, Dev Biol, 296, 203, 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.453

Saas, 2006, IL‐1beta, but not BMP‐7 leads to a dramatic change in the gene expression pattern of human adult articular chondrocytes–portraying the gene expression pattern in two donors, Cytokine, 36, 90, 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.10.005

Rachmilewitz, 2004, Toll‐like receptor 9 signaling mediates the anti‐inflammatory effects of probiotics in murine experimental colitis, Gastroenterology, 126, 520, 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.019

Portincasa, 2005, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: recent advances from experimental models to clinical management, Clin Biochem, 38, 203, 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.10.014