The muscle satellite cell at 50: the formative years

Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Wang ZM, Ross R: Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18-88 yr. J Appl Physiol. 2000, 89: 81-88. Zenker FA: Über die Veraenderungen der willkührlichen Muskeln im Typhus abdominalis. 1864, Leipzig, Germany: Vogel Waldeyer W: Ueber die Veränderungen der quergestreiften Muskeln bei der Entzündung und dem Typhusprozess, sowie über die Regeneration derselben nach Substanzdefecten. Virchows Archiv. 1865, 34: 472-514. 10.1007/BF02323030. Weber CO: Ueber die Neubildung quergestreifter Muskelfasern, insbesondere die regenerative Neubildung derselben nach Verletzungen. Virchows Archiv. 1867, 39: 216-253. 10.1007/BF01879135. Weber CO: Ueber die Betheiligung der Muskelkörperchen und der quergestreiften Muskeln an den Neubildungen nebst Bemerkungen über die Lehre von der Specificität der Gewebselemente. Virchows Archiv. 1867, 39: 254-269. 10.1007/BF01879136. Mauro A: Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1961, 9: 493-495. 10.1083/jcb.9.2.493. Katz B: The terminations of the afferent nerve fibre in the muscle spindle of the frog. Philos Trans R Soc Lond (Biol). 1961, 243: 221-240. 10.1098/rstb.1961.0001. Bischoff R: The satellite cell and muscle regeneration. Myology. 1994, New York: McGraw Hill, 1: Couteaux R: Recherches Sur L'histogénèse Du Muscle Strié Des Mammifères Et La Formation Des Plaques Motrices. Bull Biol Fr Belg. 1941, 75: 101-239. Valentin G: Handbuch der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen. 1835, Berlin, Germany: August Rücker Rokitansky C: Pathologisch-anatomische Beobachtungen. Zeitschrift der kais kön Gesellschaft der Aerzte zu Wien. 1849, 5: 329-333. Virchow R: Pathologische Neubildung von quergestreiften Muskelfasern. Verhandlungen der Physikalisch-Medicinischen Gesellschaft. 1850, 1: 189-191. Billroth T: Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und chirurgischen Bedeutung des Hodencystoids. II. Ein Hodencystoid mit quergestreiften Muskelfasern. Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin. 1855, 8: 443-446. Weber CO: Anatomische Untersuchung einer hypertrophischen Zunge nebst Bemerkungen über die Neubildung quergestreifter Muskelfasern. Virchows Archiv. 1854, 7: 115-126. 10.1007/BF01936232. Weber CO: Ueber die Regeneration quergestreifter Muskelfasern. Vorläufige Mittheilung. Centralblatt für die medicinischen Wissenschaften. 1863, 34: 529-531. Schwann T: Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstume der Thiere und Pflanzen. 1839, Berlin, Germany: Verlag der Sander'schen Buchhandlung Maslowsky J: Ueber die Neubildung und die Heilung des quergestreiften Muskelgewebes nach traumatischen Verletzungen. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 1868, 12: 192-194. Erbkam R: Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Degeneration und Regeneration von quergestreifter Musculatur nach Quetschung. Virchows Archiv. 1880, 79: 49-75. 10.1007/BF01877573. Askanazy M: Zur Regeneration der quergestreiften Muskelfasern. Virchows Archiv. 1891, 125: 520-542. 10.1007/BF01970870. Neumann E: Ueber den Heilungsprocess nach Muskelverletzungen. Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie. 1868, 4: 323-333. 10.1007/BF02955365. Volkmann R: Über die Regeneration des quergestreiften Muskelgewebes beim Menschen und Säugethier. Beitr path Anat. 1893, 12: 233-332. Elson J: Auto- and homoiotransplantation of cross-striated muscle tissue in the rat. Am J Pathol. 1929, 5: 425-438. Millar WG: Regeneration of skeletal muscle in young rabbits. J Path. 1934, 38: 145-151. 10.1002/path.1700380205. Le Gros Clark WE: An experimental study of the regeneration of mammalian striped muscle. J Anat. 1946, 80: 24-36. Le Gros Clark WE, Blomfield LB: The efficiency of intramuscular anastomoses, with observations on the regeneration of devascularized muscle. J Anat. 1946, 79: 15-32. Le Gros Clark WE, Wajda HS: The growth and maturation of regenerating striated muscle fibres. J Anat. 1947, 81: 56-63. Studitsky AN: Free auto- and homografts of muscle tissue in experiments on animals. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1964, 120: 789-801. Carlson BM: Regeneration research in the Soviet Union. Anat Rec. 1968, 160: 665-674. 10.1002/ar.1091600402. Taylor JH: Intracellular localization of labeled nucleic acid determined by autoradiographs. Science. 1953, 118: 555-557. Taylor JH, Woods PS, Hughes WL: The organization and duplication of chromosomes as revealed by autoradiographic studies using tritium-labeled thymidinee. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1957, 43: 122-128. 10.1073/pnas.43.1.122. Bintliff S, Walker BE: Radioautographic study of skeletal muscle regeneration. Am J Anat. 1960, 106: 233-245. 10.1002/aja.1001060304. Pietsch P: Effects of colchicine on regeneration of mouse skeletal muscle. Anat Rec. 1961, 139: 167-10.1002/ar.1091390208. Stockdale FE: Myogenesis - the early years. Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration. Edited by: Schiaffino S, Partridge T. 2008, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Springer, 1-17. Lewis WH, Lewis MR: Behavior of cross striated muscle in tissue cultures. Am J Anat. 1917, 22: 169-194. 10.1002/aja.1000220202. Tello JF: Genesis de las Terminaciones Nerviosas Motrices y Sensitivas. Trab Lab Invest Biol Univ Madrid. 1917, 15: 101-199. Pogogeff IA, Murray MR: Form and behavior of adult mammalian skeletal muscle in vitro. Anat Rec. 1946, 95: 321-335. 10.1002/ar.1090950308. Finck H, Holtzer H, Marshall JM: An immunochemical study of the distribution of myosin in glycerol extracted muscle. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1956, 2 (Suppl): 175-178. Holtzer H, Marshall JM, Finck H: An analysis of myogenesis by the use of fluorescent antimyosin. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1957, 3: 705-724. 10.1083/jcb.3.5.705. Lash JW, Holtzer H, Swift H: Regeneration of mature skeletal muscle. Anat Rec. 1957, 128: 679-697. 10.1002/ar.1091280404. Konigsberg IR: Cellular differentiation in colonies derived from single cells platings of freshly isolated chick embryo muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1961, 47: 1868-1872. 10.1073/pnas.47.11.1868. Konigsberg IR: Clonal analysis of myogenesis. Science. 1963, 140: 1273-1284. 10.1126/science.140.3573.1273. Konigsberg IR: The differentiation of cross-striated myofibrils in short term cell culture. Exp Cell Res. 1960, 21: 414-420. 10.1016/0014-4827(60)90273-1. Capers CR: Multinucleation of skeletal muscle in vitro. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1960, 7: 559-566. 10.1083/jcb.7.3.559. Cooper WG, Konigsberg IR: Dynamics of myogenesis in vitro. Anat Rec. 1961, 140: 195-205. 10.1002/ar.1091400305. Stockdale FE, Holtzer H: DNA synthesis and myogenesis. Exp Cell Res. 1961, 24: 508-520. 10.1016/0014-4827(61)90450-5. Konigsberg IR, McElvain N, Tootle M, Herrmann H: The dissociability of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis from the development of multinuclearity of muscle cells in culture. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1960, 8: 333-343. 10.1083/jcb.8.2.333. Mintz B, Baker WW: Normal mammalian muscle differentiation and gene control of isocitrate dehydrogenase synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1967, 58: 592-598. 10.1073/pnas.58.2.592. Yaffe D: Retention of differentiation potentialities during prolonged cultivation of myogenic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1968, 61: 477-483. 10.1073/pnas.61.2.477. Yaffe D, Saxel O: Serial passaging and differentiation of myogenic cells isolated from dystrophic mouse muscle. Nature. 1977, 270: 725-727. 10.1038/270725a0. Blau HM, Chiu CP, Webster C: Cytoplasmic activation of human nuclear genes in stable heterocaryons. Cell. 1983, 32: 1171-1180. 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90300-8. Hauschka SD, Linkhart TA, Clegg C, Merrill G: Clonal studies of human and mouse muscle. Muscle Regeneration. Edited by: Mauro A. 1979, New York, USA: Raven Press, 311-322. Linkhart TA, Clegg CH, Hauschka SD: Control of mouse myoblast commitment to terminal differentiation by mitogens. J Supramol Struct. 1980, 14: 483-498. 10.1002/jss.400140407. Ishikawa H: Electron microscopic observations of satellite cells with special reference to the development of mammalian skeletal muscles. Z Anat Entwicklungsgesch. 1966, 125: 43-63. 10.1007/BF00521974. Muir AR, Kanji AH, Allbrook D: The structure of the satellite cells in skeletal muscle. J Anat. 1965, 99: 435-444. Venable JH: Morphology of the cells of normal, testosterone-deprived and testosterone-stimulated levator ani muscles. Am J Anat. 1966, 119: 271-301. 10.1002/aja.1001190206. Aloisi M, Mussini I, Schiaffino S: Activation of muscle nuclei in denervation and hypertrophy. Basic Research in Myology. Edited by: Kakulus B. 1973, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Excerpta Medica, 338-342. Kelly AM: Perisynaptic satellite cells in the developing and mature rat soleus muscle. Anat Rec. 1978, 190: 891-903. 10.1002/ar.1091900409. Allbrook D: An electron microscopic study of regenerating skeletal muscle. J Anat. 1962, 96: 137-152. Price HM, Howes EL, Blumberg JM: Ultrastructural alterations in skeletal muscle fibers injured by cold. II. Cells on the sarcolemmal tube: observations on "discontinuous" regeneration and myofibril formation. Lab Invest. 1964, 13: 1279-1302. Thornton CR: The histogenesis of muscle in the regenerating forelimb of larval Amblystoma punctatum. J Morphol. 1938, 62: 17-47. 10.1002/jmor.1050620104. Hay ED: The fine structure of blastema cells and differentiating cartilage cells in regenerating limbs of Amblystoma larvae. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1958, 4: 583-591. 10.1083/jcb.4.5.583. Walker BE: The origin of myoblasts and the problem of dedifferentiation. Exp Cell Res. 1963, 30: 80-92. 10.1016/0014-4827(63)90215-5. Reznik M: Origin of myoblasts during skeletal muscle regeneration. Electron microscopic observations. Lab Invest. 1969, 20: 353-363. Hess A, Rosner S: The satellite cell bud and myoblast in denervated mammalian muscle fibers. Am J Anat. 1970, 129: 21-39. 10.1002/aja.1001290103. Shafiq SA, Gorycki MA: Regeneration in skeletal muscle of mouse: some electron-microscope observations. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1965, 90: 123-127. 10.1002/path.1700900113. Church JCT, Noronha RFX, Allbrook DB: Satellite cells and skeletal muscle regeneration. Br J Surg. 1966, 53: 638-10.1002/bjs.1800530720. Reznik M: Thymidine-3H uptake by satellite cells of regenerating skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol. 1969, 40: 568-571. 10.1083/jcb.40.2.568. Walker BE: A radioautographic study of muscle regeneration in dystrophic mice. Am J Pathol. 1962, 41: 41-53. Laguens R: Satellite cells of skeletal muscle fibers in human progressive muscular dystrophy. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med. 1963, 336: 564-569. 10.1007/BF01003621. Shafiq SA, Gorycki MA, Milhorat AT: An electron microscopic study of regeneration and satellite cells in human muscle. Neurology. 1967, 17: 567-574 passim. Morpurgo B: Ueber die postembryonale Entwicklung der quergestreiften Muskeln von weißen Ratten. Anatomischer Anzeiger. 1898, 15: 200-206. Enesco M, Puddy D: Increase in the number of nuclei and weight in skeletal muscle of rats of various ages. Am J Anat. 1964, 114: 235-244. 10.1002/aja.1001140204. Macconnachie HF, Enesco M, Leblond CP: The mode of increase in the number of skeletal muscle nuclei in the postnatal rat. Am J Anat. 1964, 114: 245-253. 10.1002/aja.1001140205. Shafiq SA, Gorycki MA, Mauro A: Mitosis during postnatal growth in skeletal and cardiac muscle of the rat. J Anat. 1968, 103: 135-141. Moss FP, Leblond CP: Nature of dividing nuclei in skeletal muscle of growing rats. J Cell Biol. 1970, 44: 459-462. 10.1083/jcb.44.2.459. Moss FP, Leblond CP: Satellite cells as the source of nuclei in muscles of growing rats. Anat Rec. 1971, 170: 421-435. 10.1002/ar.1091700405. Allbrook DB, Han MF, Hellmuth AE: Population of muscle satellite cells in relation to age and mitotic activity. Pathology. 1971, 3: 223-243. Schultz E: A quantitative study of the satellite cell population in postnatal mouse lumbrical muscle. Anat Rec. 1974, 180: 589-595. 10.1002/ar.1091800405. Schultz E, Gibson MC, Champion T: Satellite cells are mitotically quiescent in mature mouse muscle: an EM and radioautographic study. J Exp Zool. 1978, 206: 451-456. 10.1002/jez.1402060314. Schultz E: Fine structure of satellite cells in growing skeletal muscle. Am J Anat. 1976, 147: 49-70. 10.1002/aja.1001470105. Carlson BM: The regeneration of skeletal muscle. A review. Am J Anat. 1973, 137: 119-149. 10.1002/aja.1001370202. Bischoff R: Enzymatic liberation of myogenic cells from adult rat muscle. Anat Rec. 1974, 180: 645-661. 10.1002/ar.1091800410. Bischoff R: Regeneration of single skeletal muscle fibers in vitro. Anat Rec. 1975, 182: 215-235. 10.1002/ar.1091820207. Konigsberg UR, Lipton BH, Konigsberg IR: The regenerative response of single mature muscle fibers isolated in vitro. Dev Biol. 1975, 45: 260-275. 10.1016/0012-1606(75)90065-2. Neerunjun JS, Dubowitz V: Identification of regenerated dystrophic minced muscle transplanted in normal mice. J Neurol Sci. 1975, 24: 33-38. 10.1016/0022-510X(75)90005-2. Gutmann E, Mares V, Stichova J: Fate of 3H-thymidine labelled myogenic cells in regeneration of muscle isografts. Cell Tissue Res. 1976, 167: 117-123. 10.1007/BF00220163. Snow MH: Myogenic cell formation in regenerating rat skeletal muscle injured by mincing. II. An autoradiographic study. Anat Rec. 1977, 188: 201-217. 10.1002/ar.1091880206. Snow MH: An autoradiographic study of satellite cell differentiation into regenerating myotubes following transplantation of muscles in young rats. Cell Tissue Res. 1978, 186: 535-540. Partridge TA, Grounds M, Sloper JC: Evidence of fusion between host and donor myoblasts in skeletal muscle grafts. Nature. 1978, 273: 306-308. 10.1038/273306a0. Watt DJ, Lambert K, Morgan JE, Partridge TA, Sloper JC: Incorporation of donor muscle precursor cells into an area of muscle regeneration in the host mouse. J Neurol Sci. 1982, 57: 319-331. 10.1016/0022-510X(82)90038-7. Lipton BH, Schultz E: Developmental fate of skeletal muscle satellite cells. Science. 1979, 205: 1292-1294. 10.1126/science.472747. Sloper JC, Partridge TA: Skeletal muscle: regeneration and transplantation studies. Br Med Bull. 1980, 36: 153-158. Allbrook D: Skeletal muscle regeneration. Muscle Nerve. 1981, 4: 234-245. 10.1002/mus.880040311. Mauro A, (Ed.): Muscle Regeneration. 1979, New York, USA: Raven Press Cardasis CA, Cooper GW: A method for the chemical isolation of individual muscle fibers and its application to a study of the effect of denervation on the number of nuclei per muscle fiber. J Exp Zool. 1975, 191: 333-346. 10.1002/jez.1401910304. Cardasis CA, Cooper GW: An analysis of nuclear numbers in individual muscle fibers during differentiation and growth: a satellite cell-muscle fiber growth unit. J Exp Zool. 1975, 191: 347-358. 10.1002/jez.1401910305. Kopriwa BM, Moss FP: A radioautographic technique for whole mounts of muscle fibers. J Histochem Cytochem. 1971, 19: 51-55. 10.1177/19.1.51. Bekoff A, Betz WJ: Physiological properties of dissociated muscle fibres obtained from innervated and denervated adult rat muscle. J Physiol. 1977, 271: 25-40. Bekoff A, Betz W: Properties of isolated adult rat muscle fibres maintained in tissue culture. J Physiol. 1977, 271: 537-547. Rubin LL, Keller CE, Schuetze SM: Satellite cells in isolated adult muscle fibres in tissue culture. Muscle Regeneration. Edited by: Mauro A. 1979, New York, USA: Raven Press, 281-284. Bischoff R: Proliferation of muscle satellite cells on intact myofibers in culture. Dev Biol. 1986, 115: 129-139. 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90234-4. Rosenblatt JD, Lunt AI, Parry DJ, Partridge TA: Culturing satellite cells from living single muscle fiber explants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1995, 31: 773-779. 10.1007/BF02634119. Collins CA, Zammit PS: Isolation and grafting of single muscle fibres. Methods Mol Biol. 2009, 482: 319-330. 10.1007/978-1-59745-060-7_20. Weintraub H, Davis R, Tapscott S, Thayer M, Krause M, Benezra R, Blackwell TK, Turner D, Rupp R, Hollenberg S, Zhuang Y, Lassar A: The myoD gene family: nodal point during specification of the muscle cell lineage. Science. 1991, 251: 761-766. 10.1126/science.1846704. Grounds MD, Garrett KL, Lai MC, Wright WE, Beilharz MW: Identification of skeletal muscle precursor cells in vivo by use of MyoD1 and myogenin probes. Cell Tissue Res. 1992, 267: 99-104. 10.1007/BF00318695. Fuchtbauer EM, Westphal H: MyoD and myogenin are coexpressed in regenerating skeletal muscle of the mouse. Dev Dyn. 1992, 193: 34-39. 10.1002/aja.1001930106. Yablonka-Reuveni Z, Rivera AJ: Temporal expression of regulatory and structural muscle proteins during myogenesis of satellite cells on isolated adult rat fibers. Dev Biol. 1994, 164: 588-603. 10.1006/dbio.1994.1226. Irintchev A, Zeschnigk M, Starzinski-Powitz A, Wernig A: Expression pattern of M-cadherin in normal, denervated, and regenerating mouse muscles. Dev Dyn. 1994, 199: 326-337. 10.1002/aja.1001990407. Gnocchi VF, White RB, Ono Y, Ellis JA, Zammit PS: Further characterisation of the molecular signature of quiescent and activated mouse muscle satellite cells. PLoS One. 2009, 4: e5205-10.1371/journal.pone.0005205. Tedesco FS, Dellavalle A, Diaz-Manera J, Messina G, Cossu G: Repairing skeletal muscle: regenerative potential of skeletal muscle stem cells. J Clin Invest. 2010, 120: 11-19. 10.1172/JCI40373. Seale P, Sabourin LA, Girgis-Gabardo A, Mansouri A, Gruss P, Rudnicki MA: Pax7 is required for the specification of myogenic satellite cells. Cell. 2000, 102: 777-786. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00066-0. Beauchamp JR, Heslop L, Yu DS, Tajbakhsh S, Kelly RG, Wernig A, Buckingham ME, Partridge TA, Zammit PS: Expression of CD34 and Myf5 defines the majority of quiescent adult skeletal muscle satellite cells. J Cell Biol. 2000, 151: 1221-1234. 10.1083/jcb.151.6.1221. Blanco-Bose WE, Yao CC, Kramer RH, Blau HM: Purification of mouse primary myoblasts based on alpha 7 integrin expression. Exp Cell Res. 2001, 265: 212-220. 10.1006/excr.2001.5191. Baroffio A, Hamann M, Bernheim L, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Gabbiani G, Bader CR: Identification of self-renewing myoblasts in the progeny of single human muscle satellite cells. Differentiation. 1996, 60: 47-57. 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1996.6010047.x. Yoshida N, Yoshida S, Koishi K, Masuda K, Nabeshima Y: Cell heterogeneity upon myogenic differentiation: down-regulation of MyoD and Myf-5 generates 'reserve cells'. J Cell Sci. 1998, 111: 769-779. Kitzmann M, Carnac G, Vandromme M, Primig M, Lamb NJ, Fernandez A: The muscle regulatory factors MyoD and myf-5 undergo distinct cell cycle-specific expression in muscle cells. J Cell Biol. 1998, 142: 1447-1459. 10.1083/jcb.142.6.1447. Halevy O, Piestun Y, Allouh MZ, Rosser BW, Rinkevich Y, Reshef R, Rozenboim I, Wleklinski-Lee M, Yablonka-Reuveni Z: Pattern of Pax7 expression during myogenesis in the posthatch chicken establishes a model for satellite cell differentiation and renewal. Dev Dyn. 2004, 231: 489-502. 10.1002/dvdy.20151. Olguin HC, Olwin BB: Pax-7 up-regulation inhibits myogenesis and cell cycle progression in satellite cells: a potential mechanism for self-renewal. Dev Biol. 2004, 275: 375-388. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.015. Zammit PS, Golding JP, Nagata Y, Hudon V, Partridge TA, Beauchamp JR: Muscle satellite cells adopt divergent fates: a mechanism for self-renewal?. J Cell Biol. 2004, 166: 347-357. 10.1083/jcb.200312007. McGeachie JK, Grounds MD: Initiation and duration of muscle precursor replication after mild and severe injury to skeletal muscle of mice. An autoradiographic study. Cell Tissue Res. 1987, 248: 125-130. 10.1007/BF01239972. Grounds MD: Towards understanding skeletal muscle regeneration. Pathol Res Pract. 1991, 187: 1-22. Grounds MD, McGeachie JK: Reutilisation of tritiated thymidine in studies of regenerating skeletal muscle. Cell Tissue Res. 1987, 250: 141-148. 10.1007/BF00214665. Partridge TA, Morgan JE, Coulton GR, Hoffman EP, Kunkel LM: Conversion of mdx myofibres from dystrophin-negative to -positive by injection of normal myoblasts. Nature. 1989, 337: 176-179. 10.1038/337176a0. Day K, Shefer G, Shearer A, Yablonka-Reuveni Z: The depletion of skeletal muscle satellite cells with age is concomitant with reduced capacity of single progenitors to produce reserve progeny. Dev Biol. 2010, 340: 330-343. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.006. Montarras D, Morgan J, Collins C, Relaix F, Zaffran S, Cumano A, Partridge T, Buckingham M: Direct isolation of satellite cells for skeletal muscle regeneration. Science. 2005, 309: 2064-2067. 10.1126/science.1114758. Ferrari G, Cusella-De Angelis G, Coletta M, Paolucci E, Stornaiuolo A, Cossu G, Mavilio F: Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors. Science. 1998, 279: 1528-1530. 10.1126/science.279.5356.1528. Heslop L, Beauchamp JR, Tajbakhsh S, Buckingham ME, Partridge TA, Zammit PS: Transplanted primary neonatal myoblasts can give rise to functional satellite cells as identified using the Myf5nlacZl+ mouse. Gene Ther. 2001, 8: 778-783. 10.1038/sj.gt.3301463. Collins CA, Olsen I, Zammit PS, Heslop L, Petrie A, Partridge TA, Morgan JE: Stem cell function, self-renewal, and behavioral heterogeneity of cells from the adult muscle satellite cell niche. Cell. 2005, 122: 289-301. 10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.010. Sacco A, Doyonnas R, Kraft P, Vitorovic S, Blau HM: Self-renewal and expansion of single transplanted muscle stem cells. Nature. 2008, 456: 502-506. 10.1038/nature07384. Tamaki T, Akatsuka A, Ando K, Nakamura Y, Matsuzawa H, Hotta T, Roy RR, Edgerton VR: Identification of myogenic-endothelial progenitor cells in the interstitial spaces of skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol. 2002, 157: 571-577. 10.1083/jcb.200112106. Mitchell KJ, Pannerec A, Cadot B, Parlakian A, Besson V, Gomes ER, Marazzi G, Sassoon DA: Identification and characterization of a non-satellite cell muscle resident progenitor during postnatal development. Nat Cell Biol. 2010, 12: 257-266. Jackson KA, Mi T, Goodell MA: Hematopoietic potential of stem cells isolated from murine skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999, 96: 14482-14486. 10.1073/pnas.96.25.14482. Sampaolesi M, Torrente Y, Innocenzi A, Tonlorenzi R, D'Antona G, Pellegrino MA, Barresi R, Bresolin N, De Angelis MG, Campbell KP, Bottinelli R, Cossu G: Cell therapy of alpha-sarcoglycan null dystrophic mice through intra-arterial delivery of mesoangioblasts. Science. 2003, 301: 487-492. 10.1126/science.1082254. Bateson RG, Woodrow DF, Sloper JC: Circulating cell as a source of myoblasts in regenerating injured mammalian skeletal muscle. Nature. 1967, 213: 1035-1036. 10.1038/2131035a0. Torrente Y, Belicchi M, Sampaolesi M, Pisati F, Meregalli M, D'Antona G, Tonlorenzi R, Porretti L, Gavina M, Mamchaoui K, Pellegrino MA, Furling D, Mouly V, Butler-Browne GS, Bottinelli R, Cossu G, Bresolin N: Human circulating AC133(+) stem cells restore dystrophin expression and ameliorate function in dystrophic skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest. 2004, 114: 182-195. Grounds MD: Skeletal muscle precursors do not arise from bone marrow cells. Cell Tissue Res. 1983, 234: 713-722. Kirillova I, Gussoni E, Goldhamer DJ, Yablonka-Reuveni Z: Myogenic reprogramming of retina-derived cells following their spontaneous fusion with myotubes. Dev Biol. 2007, 311: 449-463. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.08.056. Towle W: On muscle regeneration in the limbs of Plethedon. Biol Bull. 1901, 2: 289-299. 10.2307/1535706. Tanaka EM, Gann AA, Gates PB, Brockes JP: Newt myotubes reenter the cell cycle by phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. J Cell Biol. 1997, 136: 155-165. 10.1083/jcb.136.1.155. Morrison JI, Loof S, He P, Simon A: Salamander limb regeneration involves the activation of a multipotent skeletal muscle satellite cell population. J Cell Biol. 2006, 172: 433-440. 10.1083/jcb.200509011. Morrison JI, Borg P, Simon A: Plasticity and recovery of skeletal muscle satellite cells during limb regeneration. FASEB J. 2010, 24: 750-756. 10.1096/fj.09-134825. Walker BE: Skeletal muscle regeneration in young rats. Am J Anat. 1972, 133: 369-378. 10.1002/aja.1001330310. Odelberg SJ, Kollhoff A, Keating MT: Dedifferentiation of mammalian myotubes induced by msx1. Cell. 2000, 103: 1099-1109. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00212-9. Pajcini KV, Corbel SY, Sage J, Pomerantz JH, Blau HM: Transient inactivation of Rb and ARF yields regenerative cells from postmitotic mammalian muscle. Cell Stem Cell. 2010, 7: 198-213. 10.1016/j.stem.2010.05.022. Pallafacchina G, Francois S, Regnault B, Czarny B, Dive V, Cumano A, Montarras D, Buckingham M: An adult tissue-specific stem cell in its niche: a gene profiling analysis of in vivo quiescent and activated muscle satellite cells. Stem Cell Res. 2010, 4: 77-91. 10.1016/j.scr.2009.10.003. Abou-Khalil R, Brack AS: Muscle stem cells and reversible quiescence: the role of sprouty. Cell Cycle. 2010, 9: 2575-2580. Luo D, Renault VM, Rando TA: The regulation of Notch signaling in muscle stem cell activation and postnatal myogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2005, 16: 612-622. 10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.07.002. Crist CG, Buckingham M: microRNAs gain magnitude in muscle. Cell Cycle. 2009, 8: 3627-3628. 10.4161/cc.8.22.9960. Chen JF, Tao Y, Li J, Deng Z, Yan Z, Xiao X, Wang DZ: microRNA-1 and microRNA-206 regulate skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by repressing Pax7. J Cell Biol. 2010, 190: 867-879. 10.1083/jcb.200911036. Cosgrove BD, Sacco A, Gilbert PM, Blau HM: A home away from home: challenges and opportunities in engineering in vitro muscle satellite cell niches. Differentiation. 2009, 78: 185-194. 10.1016/j.diff.2009.08.004. Gilbert PM, Havenstrite KL, Magnusson KE, Sacco A, Leonardi NA, Kraft P, Nguyen NK, Thrun S, Lutolf MP, Blau HM: Substrate elasticity regulates skeletal muscle stem cell self-renewal in culture. Science. 2010, 329: 1078-1081. 10.1126/science.1191035. Biressi S, Rando TA: Heterogeneity in the muscle satellite cell population. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2010, 21: 845-854. 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.09.003. Kuang S, Kuroda K, Le Grand F, Rudnicki MA: Asymmetric self-renewal and commitment of satellite stem cells in muscle. Cell. 2007, 129: 999-1010. 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.044. Schultz E, Lipton BH: Skeletal muscle satellite cells: changes in proliferation potential as a function of age. Mech Ageing Dev. 1982, 20: 377-383. 10.1016/0047-6374(82)90105-1. Ono Y, Boldrin L, Knopp P, Morgan JE, Zammit PS: Muscle satellite cells are a functionally heterogeneous population in both somite-derived and branchiomeric muscles. Dev Biol. 2010, 337: 29-41. 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.10.005. Conboy MJ, Cerletti M, Wagers AJ, Conboy IM: Immuno-analysis and FACS sorting of adult muscle fiber-associated stem/precursor cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2010, 621: 165-173. 10.1007/978-1-60761-063-2_11. Clayton E, Doupe DP, Klein AM, Winton DJ, Simons BD, Jones PH: A single type of progenitor cell maintains normal epidermis. Nature. 2007, 446: 185-189. 10.1038/nature05574. Barker N, Clevers H: Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptors as markers of adult stem cells. Gastroenterology. 2010, 138: 1681-1696. 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.002. Le Grand F, Jones AE, Seale V, Scime A, Rudnicki MA: Wnt7a activates the planar cell polarity pathway to drive the symmetric expansion of satellite stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2009, 4: 535-547. 10.1016/j.stem.2009.03.013. Lepper C, Conway SJ, Fan CM: Adult satellite cells and embryonic muscle progenitors have distinct genetic requirements. Nature. 2009, 460: 627-631. 10.1038/nature08209. Sambasivan R, Yao R, Kissenpfennig A, Van Wittenberghe L, Paldi A, Gayraud-Morel B, Guenou H, Malissen B, Tajbakhsh S, Galy A: Pax7-expressing satellite cells are indispensable for adult skeletal muscle regeneration. Development. 2011, 138 (17): 3647-3656. 10.1242/dev.067587.