Pain reduction by focal electrical stimulation of the brain: An anatomical and behavioral analysis

Akil, 1972 Akil, 1972, Antagonism of stimulation-produced analgesia byp-CPA, a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, Brain Research, 44, 692, 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90338-1 Akil, 1972, Comparison chez le rat entre l'analge´sie induite par stimulation de la substance grise pe´riaque´ducale et l'analge´sie morphinique, C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 274, 3603 Azrin, 1967, A rat chamber and electrode procedure for avoidance conditioning, J. exp. Anal. Behav., 10, 291, 10.1901/jeab.1967.10-291 Bapat, 1968, Effect of tetrabenazine on morphine analgesia in rats, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 12, 107 Black, 1972, Alleviation of pain by hypothalamic stimulation in the monkey, Confin. neurol., 34, 374, 10.1159/000103085 Campbell, 1969, Psychophysics of punishment, 3 Collier, 1962, Multiple toe-pinch test for potential analgesic drugs, 262 Cox, 1965, Attenuation of aversive properties of peripheral shock by hypothalamic stimulation, Science, 149, 323, 10.1126/science.149.3681.323 D'Amour, 1941, A method for determining loss of pain sensation, J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 72, 74 Deutsch, 1964, Behavioral measurement of the neural refractory period and its application to intracranial self-stimulation, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 58, 1, 10.1037/h0045582 Dewey, 1969, The effects of narcotics and narcotic antagonists on the tail-flick response in spinal mice, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 21, 548, 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1969.tb08312.x Ervin, 1968, Behavioral and affective responses to brain stimulation in man, 58, 54 Evans, 1961, A new technique for the investigation of some analgesic drugs on a reflexive behavior in the rat, Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 2, 318, 10.1007/BF00404119 Foster, 1967, A comparison of the pharmacological effects of morphine and N-methyl-morphine, J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 157, 185 Gol, 1967, Relief of pain by electrical stimulation of the septal area, J. neurol. Sci., 5, 115, 10.1016/0022-510X(67)90012-3 Grumbach, 1966, The prediction of analgesic activity in man by animal testing, 163 Hardy, 1953, Threshold of pain and reflex contraction as related to noxious stimuli, J. appl. Physiol., 5, 725, 10.1152/jappl.1953.5.12.725 Harvey, 1971, Lesions in the medial forebrain bundle: Relationship between pain sensitivity and telencephalic content of serotonin, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 74, 28, 10.1037/h0030313 Heath, 1960, Evaluation of seven years' experience with depth electrode studies in human patients, 214 Herz, 1970, On the central sites for the antinociceptive action of morphine and fentanyl, Neuropharmacology, 9, 539, 10.1016/0028-3908(70)90004-3 Irwin, 1951, The effects of morphine, methadone and meperidine on some reflex responses of spinal animals to nociceptive stimulation, J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 101, 132 Kelly, 1968, Aversive thresholds following midbrain lesions, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 66, 25, 10.1037/h0020592 Lee, 1970, The relationship between morphine analgesia and the levels of biogenic amines in the mouse brain, Europ. J. Pharmacol., 12, 65, 10.1016/0014-2999(70)90029-4 Liebeskind, 1971, Somatosensory evoked responses in the mesencephalic central gray matter of the rat, Brain Research, 27, 133, 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90376-3 Liebeskind, 1973, Analgesia from electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter in the cat: behavioral observations and inhibitory effects on spinal cord interneurons, Brain Research, 50, 441, 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90748-8 Liebman, 1970, Mesencephalic central gray lesions and fear-motivated behavior in rats, Brain Research, 23, 353, 10.1016/0006-8993(70)90062-4 Liebman, 1973, Self-stimulation in the midbrain central gray matter of the rat, Behav. Biol., 9, 299, 10.1016/S0091-6773(73)80180-4 Lim, 1966, A revised concept of the mechanism of analgesia and pain, 117 Lotti, 1965, Temperature responses in the rat following intracerebral microinjection of morphine, J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 150, 135 Margules, 1969, Noradrenergic rather than serotonergic basis of reward in the dorsal tegmentum, J. comp. physiol. Psychol., 67, 32, 10.1037/h0026652 Mayer, 1971, Analgesia from electrical stimulation in the brainstem of the rat, Science, 174, 1351, 10.1126/science.174.4016.1351 Melzack, 1965, Pain mechanisms: A new theory, Science, 150, 971, 10.1126/science.150.3699.971 Pellegrino, 1967 Price, 1972, Characteristics of second pain and flexion reflexes indicative of prolonged central summation, Exp. Neurol., 37, 371, 10.1016/0014-4886(72)90081-7 Reynolds, 1969, Surgery in the rat during electrical analgesia induced by focal brain stimulation, Science, 164, 444, 10.1126/science.164.3878.444 Richardson, 1973, Acute relief of intractable pain by brain stimulation in human patients Rose, 1972 Samanin, 1972, Effects of intraventricularly injected 6-OH dopamine or midbrain raphe lesion on morphine analgesia in rats, Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 25, 175, 10.1007/BF00423195 Samanin, 1970, Reduced effect of morphine in midbrain raphe lesioned rats, Europ. J. Pharmacol., 10, 339, 10.1016/0014-2999(70)90205-0 Samanin, 1971, Increase of morphine-induced analgesia by stimulation of the nucleus raphe dorsalis, Europ. J. Pharmacol., 16, 298, 10.1016/0014-2999(71)90030-6 Satoh, 1971, Enhancement by morphine of the central descending inhibitory influence on spinal sensory transmission, Europ. J. Pharmacol., 14, 60, 10.1016/0014-2999(71)90122-1 Satoh, 1971, Further observation on the enhancement by morphine of the central descending inhibitory influence on spinal sensory transmission, Jap. J. Pharmacol., 21, 671, 10.1254/jjp.21.671 Schmidek, 1971, Pain threshold alterations by brain stimulation in the monkey, J. Neurosurg., 35, 715, 10.3171/jns.1971.35.6.0715 Sigg, 1958, Synergism of amines and antagonism of reserpine to morphine analgesia, 97, 97 Stark, 1972, Behavioral and biochemical effects ofp-chlorophenylalanine, 3-chlorotyrosine and 3-chlorotyramine. A proposed mechanism for inhibition of self-stimulation, Neuropharmacology, 11, 261, 10.1016/0028-3908(72)90098-6 Takagi, 1964, Antagonism of the analgetic effect of morphine in mice by tetrabenazine and reserpine, Arch. int. Pharmacodyn., 149, 484 Tenen, 1967, The effect ofp-chlorophenylalanine, a serotonin depletor on avoidance acquisition, pain sensitivity and related behavior in the rat, Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 10, 204, 10.1007/BF00401382 Tenen, 1968, Antagonism of the analgesic effect of morphine and other drugs byp-chlorophenylalanine, a serotonin depletor, Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 12, 278, 10.1007/BF00401407 Tsou, 1964, Studies on the site of analgesic action of morphine by intracerebral micro-injection, Scientia Sinica, 13, 1099 Verri, 1968, Effect of reserpine and α-methyltyrosine on morphine analgesia, Int. J. Neuropharmacol., 7, 283, 10.1016/0028-3908(68)90035-X Yunger, 1973, Dissociation of the analgesic and rewarding effects of brain stimulation in the rat, Physiol. Behav., 10, 909, 10.1016/0031-9384(73)90061-9