Raynaud's phenomenon: prevalence in an Italian population sample
Clinical Rheumatology - 2005
Tóm tắt
To estimate the prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) in an Italian population aged 18 years and above, a validated questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 3,664 subjects. Sociodemographic data and data regarding the prevalence of RP symptoms were collected. Trained rheumatologists carried out a subsequent standardized clinical examination to confirm diagnosis of RP and to detect associated diseases. The subjects (2,155) completed the questionnaire, with 45 reporting RP [prevalence rate 2.1%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.8–2.4]. The mean age [standard deviation (SD)] was 57.5 (12.7), and 40 (88.8%) were women. Prevalence was found higher in women (3.4%, 95% CI 2.8–4.1) than in men (0.5%, 95% CI 0.2–0.9) (p<0.0001). A connective tissue disease was diagnosed in six (0.28%) subjects, three of the participants (0.14%) were identified as having RP associated to an idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome, and 36 (1.67%) were diagnosed as having primary RP. Our study has found a lower prevalence of RP than others have reported. There is thought to be an association with climate and ethnic factors. No relationship was found regarding factors that are thought to be among the most relevant triggering factors for RP, e.g., occupational exposure. Differences with previous studies may be related to the current characteristics of the population surveyed.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Block JA, Sequeira W (2001) Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet 357:2042–2048
Fraenkel L (2002) Raynaud's phenomenon: epidemiology and risk factors. Curr Rheumatol Rep 4:123–128
Olsen N, Nielsen SL (1978) Prevalence of Raynaud phenomena in young females. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 38:761–764
Heslop J, Coggon D, Acheson ED (1983) The prevalence of intermittent digital ischaemia (Raynaud's phenomenon) in a general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract 33:85–89
Maricq HR, Weinrich MC, Keil JE, LeRoy EC (1986) Prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon in the general population. A preliminary study by questionnaire. J Chronic Dis 39:423–427
Leppert J, Aberg H, Ringqvist I, Sorensson S (1987) Raynaud's phenomenon in a female population: prevalence and association with other conditions. Angiology 38:871–877
Silman A, Holligan S, Brennan P, Maddison P (1990) Prevalence of symptoms of Raynaud's phenomenon in general practice. Br Med J 301:590–592
Weinrich MC, Maricq HR, Keil JE, McGregor AR, Diat F (1990) Prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon in the adult population of South Carolina. J Clin Epidemiol 43:1343–1349
Harada N, Ueda A, Takegata S (1991) Prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon in Japanese males and females. J Clin Epidemiol 44:649–655
O'Keeffe ST, Tsapatsaris NP, Beetham WP Jr (1992) Color chart assisted diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon in an unselected hospital employee population. J Rheumatol 19:1415–1417
Bartelink ML, Wollersheim H, van de Lisdonk E, Spruijt R, van Weel C (1992) Prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon. Neth J Med 41:149–152
Riera G, Vilardell M, Vaquè J, Fonollosa V, Bermejo B (1993) Prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon in a healthy Spanish population. J Rheumatol 20:66–69
Maricq HR, Carpentier PH, Weinrich MC, Keil JE, Franco A, Drouet P et al (1993) Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon: Charleston, SC, USA, vs Tarentaise, Savoie, France. J Rheumatol 20:70–76
Maricq HR, Carpentier PH, Weinrich MC, Keil JE, Palesch Y, Biro C et al (1997) Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon: a 5 region comparison. J Rheumatol 24:879–889
Valter I, Maricq HR (1997) Prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon in Tartu and Tartumaa, southern Estonia. Scand J Rheumatol 26:117–124
Brand FN, Larson MG, Kannel WB, McGuirk JM (1997) The occurrence of Raynaud's phenomenon in a general population: the Framingham Study. Vasc Med 2:296–301
Gelber AC, Wigley FM, Stallings RY, Bone LR, Barker AV, Baylor I et al (1999) Symptoms of Raynaud's phenomenon in an inner-city African-American community: prevalence and self-reported cardiovascular comorbidity. J Clin Epidemiol 52:441–446
Palmer KT, Griffin MJ, Syddall H, Pannett B, Cooper C, Coggon D (2000) Prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon in Great Britain and its relation to hand transmitted vibration: a national postal survey. Occup Environ Med 57:448–452
Voulgari PV, Alamanos Y, Papazisi D, Christou K, Papanikolaou C, Drosos AA (2000) Prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon in a healthy Greek population. Ann Rheum Dis 59:206–210
Román Ivorra JA, Gonzálvez Perales JL, Fernández Carballido C, Graña J, Torres MJ (2001) Prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon in general practice in the east of Spain. Clin Rheum 20:88–90
ISTAT (2001) 14° Censimento generale della popolazione e delle abitazioni. http://dawinci.istat.it
Salaffi F, Grassi W, Troise-Rioda W (1999) Proposta di cartella reumatologica informatizzata per studi clinici controllati-randomizzati ed osservazionali-longitudinali. Atti XXXVI Congresso Nazionale SIR, S. Margherita di Pula (CA), 29 Settembre–2 Ottobre 1999. Reumatismo 51(suppl):369
Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, Masi AT, McShane DJ, Rothfield NF et al (1982) The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 25:1271–1277
Subcommittee for Scleroderma Criteria of the American Rheumatism Association Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criterion Committee (1980) Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Arthritis Rheum 23:581–590
Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Moutsopoulos HM, Balestrieri G, Bencivelli W, Bernstein RM et al (1993) Preliminary criteria for the classification of Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 36:340–347
Mosca M, Neri R, Bombardieri S (1999) Undifferentiated connective tissue diseases (UCTD): a review of the literature and a proposal for preliminary classification criteria. Clin Exp Rheumatol 17:615–620
Rempel D, Evanoff B, Amadio PC, de Krom M, Franklin G, Franzblau A et al (1998) Consensus criteria for the classification of carpal tunnel syndrome in epidemiologic studies. Am J Public Health 88:1447–1451
LeRoy EC, Medsger TA Jr (1992) Raynaud's phenomenon: a proposal of classification. Clin Exp Rheumatol 10:485–488
Yu ZS, Chao H, Qiao L, Qian DS, Ye YH (1986) Epidemiologic survey of vibration syndrome among riveters, chippers, and grinders in the railroad system of the People's Republic of China. Scand J Work Environ Health 12:289–292
Valter I, Maricq HR (1998) Prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon in 2 ethnic groups in the general population of Estonia. J Rheumatol 25:697–702
Fraenkel L, Zhang YQ, Chaisson CE, Maricq HR, Evans SR, Brand F et al (1999) Different factors influencing the expression of Raynaud's phenomenon in men and women. Arthritis Rheum 42:306–310
Akbari CM, LoGerfo FW (1999) Diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. J Vasc Surg 30:373–384
van Vugt RM, Kater L, Dijkstra PF, Schardijn GHC, Kastelein JJP, Bijlsma JWJ (2003) The outcome of angiography in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: an unexpected role for atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 21:445–450
De Angelis R, Del Medico P, Blasetti P, Cervini C (2003) Raynaud's phenomenon: clinical spectrum of 118 patients. Clin Rheum 22:279–284