Early adopters of carsharing with and without BEVs with respect to gender preferences
Tóm tắt
The majority of current e-carsharing users are middle-aged men with a high education and high income; they are most likely to have a full-time employment. Women are consistently underrepresented in previous studies and therefore this paper focusses on characterization of female early adopters. It builds a basis to identify current female early adopters and understand their preferences in e-carsharing in order to address women as target groups for e-carsharing. A sample of 492 carsharing subscribers from Berlin is analysed according to socio-demographic backgrounds, mode choice, use and evaluation of (e-) carsharing services. Additionally, attitudinal indices and clusters based on mobility related attitudes are analysed to reveal significant differences between male and female users. Generally, the results confirm socio-demographic findings from previous literature about early adopters. Comparing females and males revealed differences in income, employment status and age. Female early adopters used battery electric vehicles (BEVs) more often than vehicles with an internal combustion engine and evaluate handling BEVs more positive. They show a higher bike affinity and lower affinities towards technology and innovation than male respondents. They combine public transportation and bicycling with the use of (e-) carsharing services as an additional part of urban mobility. Children do not seem to have an impact of the respective topics, although the findings suggest that services are not used with children. The analysis of carsharing schemes needs to focus on specific requirements of each trip (e.g. transporting or accompanying children) in order to make sustainable mobility an option for others than one ‘typical early adopter’.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Globisch J et al. (2013) Early adopter unter der Lupe. Elektroautos - wer ist jetzt schon e-mobil und wer kann sich vorstellen, eines zu kaufen? Int Verkehrswesen 65(2):46–49
Hjorthol R (2013) Attitudes, ownership and use of electric vehicles–a review of literature. National Academy of Sciences
Burkhardt JE, Millard-Ball A (2006) Who is attracted to carsharing? Transp Res Rec: J Transp Res Board 1986:98–105
Lane C (2005) PhillyCarShare: first-year social and mobility impacts of carsharing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Transp Res Rec: J Transp Res Board 1927:158–166
Stillwater T, Mokhtarian P, Shaheen S (2009) Carsharing and the built environment. Transp Res Rec: J Transp Res Board 2110:27–34
Gordon P, Kumar A, Richardson HW (1989) Gender differences in metropolitan travel behaviour. Reg Stud 23(6):499–510
Nobis C, B. Lenz (2005) Gender differences in travel patterns. Research on Women’s Issues in Transportation, p. 114.
Rosenbloom S (2000) Trends in women’s travel patterns. in Women’s Travel Issues Second National Conference
Umweltbewusstsein in Deutschland, Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Bevölerungsumfrage. 2012, Umweltbundesamt: Berlin, Marburg.
Special Eurobarometer 313: Europeans’ attitudes towards climate change. 2009, European Commission, European Parliament
Halden D (2003) Children’s attitudes to sustainable transport
Trommer S, J Jarass, V Kolarova (2015) Early adopters of EVs in Germany unveiled - Results of a study among private users of EVs in Germany. in 28th International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition. Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Kintex
Peters A, J Hoffmann (2011) Nutzerakzeptanz von Elektromobilität. Eine empirische Studie zu attraktiven Nutzungsvarianten, Fahrzeugkonzepten und Geschäftsmodellen aus Sicht potenzieller Nutzer. Karlsruhe p 34.
Saarenpää J, Kolehmainen M, Niska H (2013) Geodemographic analysis and estimation of early plug-in hybrid electric vehicle adoption. Appl Energy 107:456–464
Erdem C, Şentürk İ, Şimşek T (2010) Identifying the factors affecting the willingness to pay for fuel-efficient vehicles in Turkey: a case of hybrids. Energ Policy 38(6):3038–3043
Hanappi T et al. (2012) Elektromobilität in Österreich. Determinanten für die Kaufentscheidung von alternativ betriebenen Fahrzeugen: Ein diskretes Entscheidungsexperiment. Umweltbundesamt: Wien.
Mobilitaet in Deutschland 2008 - Ergebnisbericht. Struktur - Aufkommen - Emissionen - Trends. 2010, Bundesministerium für Verkehr Bau und Stadtentwicklung, Institut für angewandte Sozialwissenschaft (infas), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Bonn, Berlin.
Hackbarth A, Madlener R (2013) Consumer preferences for alternative fuel vehicles: a discrete choice analysis. Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ 25:5–17
Pierre M, Jemelin C, Louvet N (2011) Driving an electric vehicle. A sociological analysis on pioneer users. Energ Effic 4(4):511–522
Jensen AF, Cherchi E, Mabit SL (2013) On the stability of preferences and attitudes before and after experiencing an electric vehicle. Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ 25:24–32
Tran M et al. (2013) Simulating early adoption of alternative fuel vehicles for sustainability. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 80(5):865–875
Firnkorn J (2012) Triangulation of two methods measuring the impacts of a free-floating carsharing system in Germany. Transp Res A Policy Pract 46(10):1654–1672
Firnkorn J, Müller M (2011) What will be the environmental effects of new free-floating car-sharing systems? The case of car2go in Ulm. Ecol Econ 70(8):1519–1528
Petersen M (1995) Ökonomische Analyse des Car-Sharing. Wiesbaden.
Costain C, Ardron C, Habib KN (2012) Synopsis of users’ behaviour of a carsharing program: A case study in Toronto. Transp Res A Policy Pract 46(3):421–434
Efthymiou D, Antoniou C, Waddell P (2013) Factors affecting the adoption of vehicle sharing systems by young drivers. Transp Policy 29:64–73
Schuitema G et al. (2013) The role of instrumental, hedonic and symbolic attributes in the intention to adopt electric vehicles. Transp Res A Policy Pract 48:39–49
Hinkeldein D et al. Who Would Use Integrated Sustainable Mobility Services – And Why?, in Sustainable Urban Transport. p. 177–203.
Crane R (2007) Is there a quiet revolution in women's travel? Revisiting the gender gap in commuting. J Am Plan Assoc 73(3):298–316
Schwanen T, Dieleman FM, Dijst M (2001) Travel behaviour in Dutch monocentric and policentric urban systems. J Transp Geogr 9(3):173–186
Dribe M, Stanfors M (2009) Does parenthood strengthen a traditional household division of labor? Evidence from Sweden, national council on family relations. J Marriage Fam 71(1):33–45
Schneebaum A, K Mader (2013) The gendered nature of intra-household decision making in and across Europe, in Department of Economics Working Paper Series, W.V.U.o.E.a. Business, Editor: Vienna
Gender Datenreport Berlin 2012, in Berlin Senate Department for Integration, Labour and Social Issues (BSDILS). 2012, Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg.
Datenreport zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, in Gender-Datenreport. 2005, Deutsches Jugendinstitut, Statistisches Bundesamt: München.
Turner T, Niemeier D (1997) Travel to work and household responsibility: new evidence. Transportation 24(4):397–419
Bauhardt C (1999) Bürgersteige und Straßenbahnen für die Frauen – den Männern ICE und Transrapid? In: Collmer S, Döge P, Fenner B (eds) Technik, Politik, Geschlecht. Kleine Verlag, Bielefeld
VCÖ, Gender Gap im Verkehrs- und Mobilitätsbereich, Hintergrundbericht. 2009, VCÖ – Verkehrsclub Österreich Wien.
Richter B (2009) Das Verkehrsverhalten von deutschen und schweizerischen Jugendlichen im Vergleich. mobilogisch. Zeitschrift für Ökologie, Politik & Bewegung, 3/10: p. 40–43.
Mobilität in Städten –SrV 2008: Sample Berlin. Analysis by TU Dresden/VIP. 2008, Senate department for urban development and the environment Berlin, Department Traffic: Berlin.
Stiewe M, L. Krause (2012) Geschlechterverhältnisse und Mobilität–Welchen Beitrag leisten Mobilitätserhebungen? Schwechat
Mohai P (1992) Men, women, and the environment: an examination of the gender gap in environmental concern and activism. Soc Nat Resour 5(1):1–19
Schahn J, Holzer E (1990) Studies of individual environmental concern: the role of knowledge, gender, and background variables. Environ Behav 22(6):767–786
McCright AM (2010) The effects of gender on climate change knowledge and concern in the American public. Popul Environ 32(1):66–87
Stern PC, Dietz T, Kalof L (1993) Value orientations, gender, and environmental concern. Environ Behav 25(5):322–348
Harris TA, Gale MT, Colley AM (1994) Effects of gender role identity and experience on computer attitude components. J Educ Comput Res 10(2):129–137
Venkatesh V, Morris MG, Ackerman PL (2000) A longitudinal field investigation of gender differences in individual technology adoption decision-making processes. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 83(1):33–60
Mikrozensus 2012. 2012, Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg: Berlin.
Zensus 2011. 2014, Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder, Wiesbaden