Causative factors and phenomenology of depression in EPILEPSY—A review

Hauser, 1997, Incidence and prevalence, 47 Pompili, 2006, Suicide after surgical treatment in patients with epilepsy: a meta-analytic investigation, Psychol Rep, 98, 323, 10.2466/pr0.98.2.323-338 Gibbs, 1951, Ictal and non-ictal psychiatric disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy, J Nervous Mental Dis, 113, 522 Ettinger, 2004, Epilepsy Impact Project Group: depression and comorbidity in community-based patients with epilepsy or asthma, Neurology, 63, 1008, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000138430.11829.61 Ettinger, 1998, Symptoms of depression and anxiety in pediatric epilepsy patients, Epilepsia, 39, 595, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01427.x Jones, 2003, Rates and risk factors for suicide, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in chronic epilepsy, EpilepBehav, 4, S31 Kanner, 2004, Diagnosis and management of depression and psychosis in children and adolescents with epilepsy, J Child Neurol, 19, S65, 10.1177/08830738040190010801 De AraújoFilho, 2011, Psychoses of epilepsy: a study comparing the clinical features of patients with focal versus generalized epilepsies, Epilepsy Behav, 20, 655, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.01.024 De AraújoFilho, 2007, Psychiatric disorders in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a controlled study of 100 patients, Epilepsy Behav, 10, 437, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.01.016 Moschetta, 2011, Personality traits in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 21, 473, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.03.036 Hermann, 2000, Comorbid psychiatric symptoms in temporal lobe epilepsy: association with chronicity of epilepsy and impact on quality of life, Epilepsy Behav, 1, 184, 10.1006/ebeh.2000.0066 Kanner, 2003, Depression in Epilepsy is much more than a reactive process, Epilepsy Curr, 3, 202, 10.1046/j.1535-7597.2003.03609.x Boylan, 2004, Impact of comorbid anxiety disorders on outcome in a cohort of patients with bipolar disorder, J Clin Psychiatry, 65, 1106, 10.4088/JCP.v65n0813 Gaitatzis, 2004, The epidemiology of the comorbidity of epilepsy in the general population, Epilepsia, 45, 1613, 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.17504.x Hesdorffer, 2011, Neuropsychiatric disorders in epilepsy: epidemiology and classification, 3 McLaughlin, 2008, Depression in a community-dwelling sample of older adults with late-onset or lifetime epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 12, 281, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.10.005 Fuller-Thomson, 2009, The association between depression and epilepsy in a nationally representative sample, Epilepsia, 50, 1051, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01803.x Panelli, 2007, The liverpool adverse events profile: relation to AED use and mood, Epilepsia, 48, 456, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00956.x Velissaris, 2009, Cognitive complaints after a first seizure in adulthood: influence of psychological adjustment, Epilepsia, 50, 1012, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01893.x Rodin, 1976, Differences between patients with temporal lobe seizures and those with other forms of epileptic attacks, Epilepsia, 17, 313, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1976.tb03409.x Dikmen, 1983, Validity of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to psychopathology in patients with epilepsy, J NervMent Dis, 171, 114, 10.1097/00005053-198302000-00008 Asmussen, 2009, Differences in selfreported depressive symptoms between patients with epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, Seizure, 18, 564, 10.1016/j.seizure.2009.05.006 Thome-Souza, 2004, Which factors may play a pivotal role on determining the type of psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents with epilepsy?, Epilepsy Behav, 5, 988, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.09.001 Robertson, 1987, Phenomenology of depression in epilepsy, Epilepsia, 28, 364, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1987.tb03659.x Attarian, 2003, Relationship between depression and intractability of seizures, Epilepsy Behav, 4, 298, 10.1016/S1525-5050(03)00083-0 Kandratavicius, 2012, Differential aberrant sprouting in temporal lobe epilepsy with psychiatric co-morbidities, Psychiatry Res, 195, 144, 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.005 Mula, 2008, Clinical and psychopathological definition of the interictaldysphoric disorder of epilepsy, Epilepsia, 49, 650, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01434.x Blumer, 2004, The interictaldysphoric disorder: recognition, pathogenesis, and treatment of the major psychiatric disorder of epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 5, 826, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.08.003 Mula, 2008, On the prevalence of bipolar disorder in epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 13, 658, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.08.002 Victoroff, 1994, Depression in complex partial seizures: electroencephalography and cerebral metabolic correlates, Arch Neurol, 51, 155, 10.1001/archneur.1994.00540140061016 Mendez, 1993, Schizophrenia in epilepsy: seizure and psychosis variables, Neurology, 43, 1073, 10.1212/WNL.43.6.1073 Quiske, 2000, Depression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy is related to mesial temporal sclerosis, Epilep Res, 39, 121, 10.1016/S0920-1211(99)00117-5 Jones, 2003, Rates and risk factors for suicide, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in chronic epilepsy, EpilepBehav, 4, S31 Barraclough, 1987, The suicide rate of epilepsy, ActaPsychiatrScand, 76, 339 Mula, 2003, The role of hippocampal sclerosis in topiramate-related depression and cognitive deficits in people with epilepsy, Epilepsia, 44, 1573, 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2003.19103.x Hoare, 1984, The development of psychiatric disorder among schoolchildren with epilepsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 26, 3, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1984.tb04399.x Rutter, 1970, Psycho-social disorders in childhood, and their outcome in adult life, J R Coll Physicians Lond, 4, 211 Thome-Souza, 2004, Which factors may play a pivotal role on determining the type of psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents with epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 5, 988, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.09.001 Ott, 2003, Behavioral disorders in pediatric epilepsy: unmet psychiatric need, Epilepsia, 44, 591, 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.25002.x Baker, 2006, Depression and suicide in adolescents with epilepsy, Neurology, 66, S5, 10.1212/WNL.66.66_suppl_3.S5 Davies, 2003, A population survey of mental health problems in children with epilepsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 45, 292, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00398.x Hedderick, 2003, Comorbidity of childhood-onset epilepsy and psychiatric and behavioral disorders: a population-based study, Ann Neurol, 54, 115 Berg, 2011, Psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood-onset epilepsy, Epilepsy &Behaviour, 20, 550, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.12.038 Rodenburg, 2005, Psychopathology in children with epilepsy: a meta-analysis, J Pediatr Psychol, 30, 453, 10.1093/jpepsy/jsi071 McDermott, 1995, A population-based analysis of specific behavior problems associated with childhood seizures, Journal of Epilepsy, 8, 110, 10.1016/0896-6974(95)00019-A Hesdorffer, 2006, Depression and suicide attempt as risk factors for incident unprovoked seizures, Ann Neurol, 59, 35, 10.1002/ana.20685 Hesdorffer, 2000, Major depression is a risk factor for seizures in older adults, Ann Neurol, 47, 246, 10.1002/1531-8249(200002)47:2<246::AID-ANA17>3.0.CO;2-E Jones, 2005, Screening for major depression in epilepsy with common self-report depression inventories, Epilepsia, 46, 731, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.49704.x Kanner, 2005, Depression in epilepsy: a neurobiologic perspective, Epilepsy Curr, 5, 21, 10.1111/j.1535-7597.2005.05106.x Salzberg, 2011, Neurobiological links between epilepsy and mood disorders, Neurology Asia., 16, 37 Hoppe, 2011, Depression in epilepsy: a critical review from a clinical perspective, Nat Rev Neurol., 7, 462, 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.104 Colman, 2010, Life course perspectives on the epidemiology of depression, Can J Psychiatry., 55, 622, 10.1177/070674371005501002 Adams, 2008, Neuropsychiatric morbidity in focal epilepsy, Br J Psychiatry, 192, 464, 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.046664 Filho, 2008, Psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy: a study comparing patients with mesial temporal sclerosis and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 13, 196, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.01.008 Asmussen, 2009, Differences in self-reported depressive symptoms between patients with epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, Seizure, 18, 564, 10.1016/j.seizure.2009.05.006 Babu, 2009, Co-morbidities in people living with epilepsy: hospital based case-control study from a resource-poor setting, Epilepsy Res, 86, 146, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.05.015 Desai, 2010, Study of DSM-IV Axis I psychiatric disorders in patients with refractory complex partial seizures using a short structured clinical interview, Epilepsy Behav, 19, 301, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.07.005 Hermann, 2000, Psychiatric comorbidity in chronic epilepsy: identification, consequences, and treatment of major depression, Epilepsia, 41, S31, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb01522.x Monroe, 1991, Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: implica-tions for the depressive disorders, Psychol Bull, 110, 406, 10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406 McEwen, 1998, Stress adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 840, 33, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x de Boer, 2008, The global burden and stigma of epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 12, 540, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.12.019 Duman, 2010, Models of depression, Vitam Horm, 82, 1, 10.1016/S0083-6729(10)82001-1 Hermann, 1996, Learned helplessness, attributional style, and depression in epilepsy: bozeman epilepsy surgery con-sortium, Epilepsia, 37, 680, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00633.x McLaughlin, 2010, The impact of depression, seizure variables and locus of control on health related quality of life in a community dwelling sample of older adults, Seizure, 19, 232, 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.02.008 Stone, 2008, A final common pathway for depression: progress toward a general conceptual framework, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 32, 508, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.08.007 Martin-Soelch, 2009, Is depression associated with dysfunction of the central reward system?, Biochem Soc Trans, 37, 313, 10.1042/BST0370313 Spector, 2000, Seizure precipitants and perceived self-control of seizures in adults with poorly-controlled epilepsy, Epilepsy Res, 38, 207, 10.1016/S0920-1211(99)00093-5 Kanner, 2010, Postictal affective episodes, Epilepsy Behav, 19, 156, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.06.024 Fincham, 2000, Postictal depres-sion following subtle seizures, Epilepsy Behav, 1, 278, 10.1006/ebeh.2000.0095 Mula, 2010, Interictaldysphoric dis-order and periictaldysphoric symptoms in patients with epilepsy, Epilepsia, 51, 1139, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02424.x Shelley, 2008, Electroencephalographic cerebral dysrhythmic abnormalities in the trinity of nonepileptic general population, neuropsychiatric, and neurobehavio-ral disorders, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 20, 7, 10.1176/jnp.2008.20.1.7 Brent, 1987, Phenobarbital treatment and major depressive disorder in children with epilepsy, Pediatrics, 80, 909 Lopez-Gomez, 2005, Primidone is associated with interictal depression in patients with epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 6, 413, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.01.016 Mula, 2003, Psychiatric adverse events during leveti-racetam therapy, Neurology, 61, 704, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000078031.32904.0D Hesdorffer, 2009, The FDA alert on suicidality and antiepileptic drugs: fire or false alarm?, Epilepsia, 50, 978, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02012.x Briellmann, 2007, Major depression in temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: clinical and imaging correlates, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 78, 1226, 10.1136/jnnp.2006.104521 Paparrigopoulos, 2008, Relationship between post-operative depression/anxiety and hippocampal/amygdala volumes in temporal lobectomy for epilepsy, Epilepsy Res, 81, 30, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.04.011 Elst, 2009, Amygdala volume loss in patients with dysphoric disorder of epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 16, 105, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.06.009 Salgado, 2010, Neuroimaging changes in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy are magnified in the presence of depression, Epilepsy Behav, 19, 422, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.08.012 Finegersh, 2011, Bilateral hippocampal atrophy in temporal lobe epilepsy: effect of depressive symptoms and febrile seizures, Epilepsia, 52, 689, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02928.x Labate, 2011, Neocortical thinning in ‘benign’ mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, Epilepsia, 52, 712, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03038.x Gilliam, 2007, Hippocampal 1H-MRSI correlates with severity of depression symptoms in temporal lobe epilepsy, Neurology, 68, 364, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000252813.86812.81 Hasler, 2007, 5-HT1A receptor binding in temporal lobe epilepsy patients with and without major depression, Biol Psychiatry, 62, 1258, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.015 Bonelli, 2009, Preoperative amygdala fMRI in temporal lobe epilepsy, Epilepsia, 50, 217, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01739.x Assem-Hilger, 2010, Central serotonin 1A receptor binding in temporal lobe epilepsy: a [carbonyl-(11)C]WAY-100635 PET study, Epilepsy Behav, 19, 467, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.07.030 Richardson, 2007, Structural and functional neuroimaging correlates of depression in temporal lobe epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 10, 242, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.11.013 Theodore, 2007, Reduced hippocampal 5HT1A PET receptor binding and depression in temporal lobe epilepsy, Epilepsia, 48, 1526, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01089.x Lothe, 2008, Comorbidity between temporal lobe epilepsy and depression: a [18F]MPPF PET study, Brain, 131, 2765, 10.1093/brain/awn194 Frisch, 2009, Positive correlation between the density of neuropeptide y positive neurons in the amygdala and parameters of self-reported anxiety and depression in mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy patients, Biol Psychiatry, 66, 433, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.025 Robertson, 1987, Phenomenology of depression in epilepsy, Epilepsia, 28, 364, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1987.tb03659.x Cascino, 1991, Magnetic resonance imaging-based volume studies in temporal lobe epilepsy: pathological correlations, Ann Neurol, 30, 31, 10.1002/ana.410300107 Baxendale, 2005, Epilepsy & depression: the effects of comorbidity on hippocampal volume-a pilot study, Seizure, 14, 435, 10.1016/j.seizure.2005.07.003 Mueller, 2007, Voxel-based T2 relaxation rate measurements in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with and without mesial temporal sclerosis, Epilepsia, 48, 220, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00916.x Richardson, 2007, Structural and functional neuroimaging correlates of depression in temporal lobe epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 10, 242, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.11.013 Tebartz van Elst, 1999, Amygdala enlargement in dysthymia-a volumetric study of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, Biol Psychiatry, 46, 1614, 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00212-7 Frodl, 2002, Hippocampal changes in patients with a first episode of major depression, Am J Psychiatry., 159, 1112, 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1112 Drevets, 2000, Neuroimaging studies of mood disorders, Biol Psychiatry, 48, 813, 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01020-9 Vyas, 2002, Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons, J Neurosc., 22, 6810, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06810.2002 Woermann, 2000, Reduction of frontal neocortical grey matter associated with affective aggression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: an objective voxel by voxel analysis of automatically segmented MRI, J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry., 68, 162, 10.1136/jnnp.68.2.162 Jessberger, 2007, Seizure-associated, aberrant neurogenesis in adult rats characterized with retrovirus-mediated cell labeling, J Neurosci, 27, 9400, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2002-07.2007 Walter, 2007, Pilocarpine-induced seizures cause selective time-dependent changes to adult-generated hippocampal dentate granule cells, J Neurosci, 27, 7541, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0431-07.2007 Parent, 2006, Aberrant seizure-induced neurogenesis in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy, Ann Neurol, 59, 81, 10.1002/ana.20699 Kron, 2010, The developmental stage of dentate granule cells dictates their contribution to seizure-induced plasticity, J Neurosci., 30, 2051, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5655-09.2010 David, 2010, Implications of the functional integration of adult-born hippocampal neurons in anxiety-depression disorders, Neuroscientist, 16, 578, 10.1177/1073858409360281 Santarelli, 2003, Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral Effects of antidepressants, Science, 301, 805, 10.1126/science.1083328 Mazarati, 2008, Depression after status epilepticus: behavioral and biochemical deficits and effects of fluoxetine, Brain, 131, 2071, 10.1093/brain/awn117 Vickrey, 2000, Relationship between seizure severity and health-related quality of life in refractory localizationrelated epilepsy, Epilepsia, 4, 760, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00239.x Baker, 1997, Quality of the life in people with epilepsy: an european study, Epilepsia, 38, 3533, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01128.x Leidy, 1999, Seizure frequency and the health-related quality-of-life of adults with epilepsy, Neurology, 53, 162, 10.1212/WNL.53.1.162 Berto, 2002, Quality of the life in patients with epilepsy and impact of treatment, Pharmacoeconomics, 20, 1039, 10.2165/00019053-200220150-00002 Tracy, 2007, The association of mood with quality of life ratings in epilepsy, Neurology, 68, 1101, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000242582.83632.73 Stavem, 2000, Health status of people with epilepsy compared with a general reference population, Epilepsia, 41, 85, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb01510.x Villeneuve, 2004, Quality-of-life scales for patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy, Rev Neurol (Paris)., 160, S376, 10.1016/S0035-3787(04)71219-9 de Almeida Souza Tedrus, 2013, Epilepsy and quality of life: socio-demographic and clinical aspects, and psychiatric co-morbidity, ArqNeuropsiquiatr, 71, 385 Loring, 2004, Determinants of quality of life in epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 5, 976, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.08.019 Harden, 2007, The effect of seizure severity on quality of life in epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 11, 208, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.05.002 Kanner, 2010, Anxiety disorders, subsyndromic depressive episodes, and major depressive episodes: do they differ on their impact on the quality of life of patients with epilepsy, Epilepsia, 51, 1152, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02582.x Jeli, 2011, Quality of life in 1931 adult patient with epilepsy: seizures do not tell the whole story, Epilepsy Behav, 22, 723, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.08.039 Hernandez-Ronquillo, 2011, How to measure fatigue in epilepsy: the validation of three scales for clinical use, Epilepsy Res, 95, 119, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.03.010 Ettinger, 1998, Fatigue and depression in epilepsy, J Epilepsy, 11, 105, 10.1016/S0896-6974(97)00139-4 Tellez-Zenteno, 2005, Somatic comorbidity of epilepsy in the general population in Canada, Epilepsia, 46, 1955, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00344.x Soyuer, 2006, The relationship between fatigue and depression, and event-related potentials in epileptics, Epilepsy Behav, 8, 581, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.01.013 Senol, 2007, Influence of fatigue, depression, and demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical variables on quality of life in patients of epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 10, 96, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.08.006 Hamelin, 2010, Fatigue in epilepsy: a prospective inter-ictal and post-ictal survey, Epilepsy Res, 91, 153, 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.07.006 Neu, 2010, Clinical complaints of daytime sleepiness and fatigue: how to distinguish and treat them, especially when they become ‘excessive ‘ or ‘chronic’?, ActaNeurolBelg, 110, 15 American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005 Blumer, 1995, Psychiatric morbidity in seizure patients on a neurodiagnostic monitoring unit, J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 7, 445, 10.1176/jnp.7.4.445 Kanner, 2000, Depression in epilepsy: a common but often unrecognized comorbid malady, Epilepsy Behav, 1, 37, 10.1006/ebeh.2000.0030 Standage, 1975, Psychiatric symptom profiles of patients with epilepsy: a controlled investigation, Psychol Med, 5, 152, 10.1017/S0033291700056403 Dodrill, 1986, Interictal behavioral features of patients with epilepsy, Epilepsia, 27, S64, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1986.tb05741.x Metcalfe, 1988, Psychiatric morbidity and illness behavior in female neurological in-patients, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 51, 1387, 10.1136/jnnp.51.11.1387 Reilly, 2006, Equality of the psychological model underlying depressive symptoms in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy versus heterogeneous neurological disorders, J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 28, 1257, 10.1080/13803390500376808 Lambert, 1999, Depression in epilepsy: etiology, phenomenology, and treatment, Epilepsia, 40, S21, 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00884.x Edwards, 2001, Lamotriginemonotherapy improves depressive symptoms in epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with valproate, Epilepsy Behav, 2, 28, 10.1006/ebeh.2000.0143 Sackellares, 2002, Lamotriginemonotherapy improves health-related quality of life in epilepsy: a double-blind comparison with valproate, Epilepsy Behav, 3, 376, 10.1016/S1525-5050(02)00046-X Kalogjera-Sackellares, 2002, Improvement in depression associated with partial epilepsy in patients treated with lamotrigine, Epilepsy Behav, 3, 510, 10.1016/S1525-5050(02)00528-0 Kaminow, 2003, Lamotriginemonotherapy compared with carbamazepine, phenytoin, or valproate monotherapy in patients with epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 4, 659, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.08.033 Cramer, 2004, Improved mood states with lamotrigine in patients with epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 5, 702, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.07.005 Ettinger, 2007, Effect of lamotrigine on depressive symptoms in adult patients with epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 10, 148, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.09.008 Fakhoury, 2007, Lamotrigine in patients with epilepsy and comorbid depressive symptoms, Epilepsy Behav, 10, 155, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.11.003 Fakhoury, 2008, Effects of lamotrigine on mood in older adults with epilepsy and co-morbid depressive symptoms: an open-label, multicentre, prospective study, Drugs Aging, 25, 955, 10.2165/0002512-200825110-00006 Labiner, 2009, Effects of lamotrigine compared with levetiracetam on anger, hostility, and total mood in patients with partial epilepsy, Epilepsia, 50, 434, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01792.x Kato, 2011, Lamotrigine improves aggression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 21, 173, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.03.015 Aldenkamp, 2005, Behaviour, cognition and epilepsy, ActaNeurolScand, 112, 19 Kwan, 2001, Neuropsychological effects of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs, Lancet, 357, 216, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03600-X Hermann, 1997, Neuropsychological characteristics of the syndrome of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, Arch Neurol., 54, 369, 10.1001/archneur.1997.00550160019010 Helmstaedter, 1996, Neuropsychological aspects of frontal lobe epilepsy, Neuropsychologia, 34, 399, 10.1016/0028-3932(95)00121-2 Piazzini, 2008, Frontal cognitive dysfunction in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Epilepsia, 49, 657, 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01482.x Jokeit, 1999, Long term effects of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy on cognitive abilities: a cross sectional study, J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry., 67, 44, 10.1136/jnnp.67.1.44 Lespinet, 2002, Claverie Effect of age of onset of temporal lobe epilepsy on the severity and the nature of preoperative memory deficits, Neuropsychologia, 40, 1591, 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00012-X Prevey, 1998, Complex partial and secondarily generalized seizure patients: cognitive functioning prior to treatment with antiepileptic medication, Epilepsy Res, 30, 1, 10.1016/S0920-1211(97)00091-0 Äikiä, 2001, Verbal memory in newly diagnosed patients and patients with chronic left temporal lobe epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 2, 20, 10.1006/ebeh.2000.0140 Helmstaedter, 2003, Chronic epilepsy and cognition: a longitudinal study in temporal lobe epilepsy, Ann Neurol, 54, 425, 10.1002/ana.10692 Murrough, 2011, Cognitive dysfunction in depression: neurocircuitry and new therapeutic strategies, Neurobiol Learn Mem, 96, 553, 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.06.006 Paradiso, 2001, Impact of depressed mood on neuropsychological status in temporal lobe epilepsy, J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry, 70, 180, 10.1136/jnnp.70.2.180 Jallon, 2004, Mortality in patients with epilepsy, CurrOpinNeurol, 17, 141 Christensen, 2007, Epilepsy and risk of suicide: a population-based case-control study, Lancet Neurol, 6, 693, 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70175-8 Bolton, 2010, Population-attributable fractions of Axis I and Axis II mental disorders for suicide attempts: findings from a representative sample of the adult, noninstitutionalized US population, Am J Public Health, 100, 2473, 10.2105/AJPH.2010.192252 Kalinin, 2005, Gender differences in risk factors of suicidal behavior in epilepsy, Epilepsy Behav, 6, 424, 10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.02.003 Hamed, 2009, The aspects and mechanisms of cognitive alterations in epilepsy: the role of antiepileptic medications, CNS NeurosciTher, 15, 134, 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00062.x Hamed, 2011, Psychiatric symptomatologies and disorders related to epilepsy and antiepileptic medications, Expert Opin Drug Saf, 10, 913, 10.1517/14740338.2011.588597 Hesdorffer, 2006, Depression and suicide attempt as risk factors for incident unprovoked seizures, Ann Neurol, 59, 35, 10.1002/ana.20685 US Food and Drug Administration, Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality. Available from: URL: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/08/briefing/2008-4372b1-01-FDA.pdf. Olesen, 2010, Antiepileptic drugs and risk of suicide: a nationwide study, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 19, 518, 10.1002/pds.1932 Fröscher, 1995, Folate deficiency, anticonvulsant drugs, and psychiatric morbidity, ClinNeuropharmacol, 18, 165 Gatzonis, 2000, Acute psychosis and EEG normalization after vagus nerve stimulation, J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry, 69, 278, 10.1136/jnnp.69.2.278 Ried, 1998, Forced normalization: the clinical neurologist’s view, 77 Andrijić, 2014, Suicidal ideation and thoughts of deathin epilepsy patients, PsychiatriaDanubina, 26, 52