Towards a maximal cell survival in convective thermal drying processes

Food Research International - Tập 44 Số 5 - Trang 1127-1149 - 2011
Nan Fu1, Xiao Dong Chen1,2
1Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
2Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian 361005, PR China

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abee, 1999, Microbial stress response in minimal processing, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 50, 65, 10.1016/S0168-1605(99)00078-1

Abraham, 1990, Mathematical model of thermal destruction of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 3073, 10.1128/AEM.56.10.3073-3080.1990

Albert, 2005, A modified Weibull model for bacterial inactivation, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 100, 197, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.10.016

Aljarallah, 2007, Mechanisms of heat inactivation in Salmonella serotype Typhimurium as affected by low water activity at different temperatures, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 102, 153, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03054.x

Alpas, 1996, Mathematical modeling of survival and weight loss of Baker's yeast during drying, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 19, 348, 10.1016/S0141-0229(96)00027-0

Amezquita, 2005, Development of an integrated model for heat transfer and dynamic growth of Clostridium perfringens during the cooling of cooked boneless ham, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 101, 123, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.10.041

Amor, 2002, Multiparametric flow cytometry and cell sorting for the assessment of viable, injured, and dead bifidobacterium cells during bile salt stress, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 5209, 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5209-5216.2002

Ananta, 2005, Cellular injuries and storage stability of spray-dried Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, International Dairy Journal, 15, 399, 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.08.004

Arku, 2008, Enterobacter sakazakii survives spray drying, International Journal of Dairy Technology, 61, 102, 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2008.00375.x

Auty, 2001, Direct in situ viability assessment of bacteria in probiotic dairy products using viability staining in conjunction with confocal scanning laser microscopy, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 420, 10.1128/AEM.67.1.420-425.2001

Bai, 2008, Ethanol fermentation technologies from sugar and starch feed stocks, Biotechnology Advances, 26, 89, 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.09.002

Bansal, 2008, Probiotics: From functional foods to pharmaceutical products, Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 9, 267, 10.2174/138920108785161587

Baranyi, 1996, A combined model for growth and subsequent thermal inactivation of Brochothrix thermosphacta, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62, 1029, 10.1128/AEM.62.3.1029-1035.1996

Barnes, 1969, Temperature of compensation: Significance for virus inactivation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 62, 263, 10.1073/pnas.62.1.263

Bayrock, 1997, Fluidized bed drying of baker's yeast: Moisture levels, drying rates, and viability changes during drying, Food Research International, 30, 407, 10.1016/S0963-9969(98)00003-9

Bayrock, 1997, Mechanism of viability loss during fluidized bed drying of baker's yeast, Food Research International, 30, 417, 10.1016/S0963-9969(97)00072-0

Becker, 1987, Conservation of yeasts by dehydration, Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 35, 127, 10.1007/BFb0004428

Berk, 2009, Dehydration, 459

Boza, 2004, Effect of spray-drying on the quality of encapsulated cells of Beijerinckia sp, Process Biochemistry, 39, 1275, 10.1016/j.procbio.2003.06.002

Bozoglu, 1987, Survival kinetics of lactic acid starter cultures during and after freeze drying, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 9, 531, 10.1016/0141-0229(87)90082-2

Brachkova, 2009, Evaluation of the viability of Lactobacillus spp. after the production of different solid dosage forms, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 98, 3329, 10.1002/jps.21609

Brandao, 2009, Introduction to integrated predictive modeling, 3

Buchanan, 1997, When is simple good enough: A comparison of the Gompertz, Baranyi, and three-phase linear models for fitting bacterial growth curves, Food Microbiology, 14, 313, 10.1006/fmic.1997.0125

Bucio, 2005, Survival of Lactobacillus plantarum 44a after spraying and drying in feed and during exposure to gastrointestinal tract fluids in vitro, The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, 51, 221, 10.2323/jgam.51.221

Cameron, 1980, Effect of moderately acidic pH on heat resistance of Clostridium sporogenes spores in phosphate buffer and in buffered pea puree, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 39, 943, 10.1128/AEM.39.5.943-949.1980

Cerrutti, 2000, Commercial baker's yeast stability as affected by intracellular content of trehalose, dehydration procedure and the physical properties of external matrices, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 54, 575, 10.1007/s002530000428

Chaibi, 1998, Effect of monoglycerides on the thermal inactivation kinetics of Bacillus cereus F4165/75 spores, Food Microbiology, 15, 527, 10.1006/fmic.1998.0191

Charlesworth, 1960, Evaporation from drops containing dissolved solids, AIChE Journal, 6, 9, 10.1002/aic.690060104

Chavez, 2007, Drying of probiotics: Optimization of formulation and process to enhance storage survival, Drying Technology, 25, 1193, 10.1080/07373930701438576

Chen, 2007, Use of linear, Weibull, and log-logistic functions to model pressure inactivation of seven foodborne pathogens in milk, Food Microbiology, 24, 197, 10.1016/j.fm.2006.06.004

Chen, 2005, Air drying of milk droplet under constant and time-dependent conditions, AIChE Journal, 51, 1790, 10.1002/aic.10449

Chen, 2007, Micro-organism inactivation during drying of small droplets or thin-layer slabs—A critical review of existing kinetics models and an appraisal of the drying rate dependent model, Journal of Food Engineering, 82, 1, 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.12.013

Cole, 1993, A vitalistic model to describe the thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes, Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 12, 232, 10.1007/BF01584195

Corcoran, 2006, Enhanced survival of GroESL-overproducing Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC338 under stressful conditions induced by drying, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 5104, 10.1128/AEM.02626-05

Corcoran, 2004, Comparative survival of probiotic lactobacilli spray-dried in the presence of prebiotic substances, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 96, 1024, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02219.x

Corcoran, 2008, Life under stress: The probiotic stress response and how it may be manipulated, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 14, 1382, 10.2174/138161208784480225

Coroller, 2001, Effect of the water activities of the heating and of the recovery media on the apparent heat resistance of Bacillus cereus spores, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 317, 10.1128/AEM.67.1.317-322.2001

Corradini, 2009, Dynamic model of heat inactivation kinetics for bacterial adaptation, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 2590, 10.1128/AEM.02167-08

Costa, 2000, Effect of protective agents, rehydration media and initial cell concentration on viability of Pantoea agglomerans strain GPA-2 subjected to freeze-drying, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 89, 793, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01182.x

Crowe, 2002, Lessons from nature: The role of sugars in anhydrobiosis, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 131, 505, 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00503-7

Crowe, 1998, The role of vitrification in anhydrobiosis, Annual Review of Physiology, 60, 73, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.73

Crowe, 1992, Anhydrobiosis, Annual Review of Physiology, 54, 579, 10.1146/annurev.ph.54.030192.003051

De Angelis, 2004, Environmental stress response in Lactobacillus: A review, Proteomics, 4, 106, 10.1002/pmic.200300497

Debaste, 2009, Application of discrete modeling approach to fluidized bed yeast drying, Journal of Food Process Engineering, 33, 2, 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2008.00269.x

Debaste, 2008, A new modeling approach for the prediction of yeast drying rates in fluidized beds, Journal of Food Engineering, 84, 335, 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.05.022

Delignette-Muller, 2009, Principles of predictive modeling, 535

Desmond, 2004, Improved stress tolerance of GroESL-overproducing Lactococcus lactis and probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, 5929, 10.1128/AEM.70.10.5929-5936.2004

Desmond, 2002, Improved survival of Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338 in spray-dried powders containing gum acacia, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 93, 1003, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01782.x

Desmond, 2001, Environmental adaptation of probiotic lactobacilli towards improvement of performance during spray drying, International Dairy Journal, 11, 801, 10.1016/S0958-6946(01)00121-2

Desobry, 1997, Comparison of spray-drying, drum-drying and freeze-drying for β-Carotene encapsulation and preservation, Journal of Food Science, 62, 1158, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb12235.x

Dimitrellou, 2009, Evaluation of thermally-dried Kluyveromyces marxianus as baker's yeast, Food Chemistry, 115, 691, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.050

Dimitrellou, 2008, Fermentation efficiency of thermally dried immobilized kefir on casein as starter culture, Process Biochemistry, 43, 1323, 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.07.017

Ding, 2009, Effect of homogenization techniques on reducing the size of microcapsules and the survival of probiotic bacteria therein, Journal of Food Science, 74, 231, 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01195.x

Donsi, 2009, Main factors regulating microbial inactivation by high-pressure homogenization: Operating parameters and scale of operation, Chemical Engineering Science, 64, 520, 10.1016/j.ces.2008.10.002

Efiuvwevwere, 1999, Mannitol-enhanced survival of Lactococcus lactis subjected to drying, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 51, 100, 10.1007/s002530051369

Eleutherio, 1993, Protective role of trehalose during heat stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cryobiology, 30, 591, 10.1006/cryo.1993.1061

Elizondo, 1974, Death kinetics of yeast in spray drying, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 16, 1245, 10.1002/bit.260160908

Favaro-Trindade, 2002, Microencapsulation of L. acidophilus (La-05) and B. lactis (Bb-12) and evaluation of their survival at the pH values of the stomach and in bile, Journal of Microencapsulation, 19, 485, 10.1080/02652040210140715

Fernandez, 2007, Modelling thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in sucrose solutions of various water activities, Food Microbiology, 24, 372, 10.1016/j.fm.2006.07.017

Ferreira, 2005, Survival of Lactobacillus sakei during heating, drying and storage in the dried state when growth has occurred in the presence of sucrose or monosodium glutamate, Biotechnology Letters, 27, 249, 10.1007/s10529-004-8351-x

Friesen, 2005, Experimental determination of viability loss of Penicillium bilaiae conidia during convective air-drying, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 68, 397, 10.1007/s00253-004-1866-1

Fu, 1995, Spray drying of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis C2 and cellular injury, Journal of Food Science, 60, 195, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb05636.x

Gardiner, 2002, A spray-dried culture for probiotic Cheddar cheese manufacture, International Dairy Journal, 12, 749, 10.1016/S0958-6946(02)00072-9

Gardiner, 2000, Comparative survival rates of human-derived probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei and L. salivarius strains during heat treatment and spray drying, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 2605, 10.1128/AEM.66.6.2605-2612.2000

Garre, 2010, Oxidative stress responses and lipid peroxidation damage are induced during dehydration in the production of dry active wine yeasts, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 136, 295, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.10.018

Geeraerd, 2000, Structural model requirements to describe microbial inactivation during a mild heat treatment, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 59, 185, 10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00362-7

Geeraerd, 2005, GInaFiT, a freeware tool to assess non-log-linear microbial survivor curves, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 102, 95, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.11.038

Gervais, 1994, Yeast resistance to high levels of osmotic pressure: Influence of kinetics, Journal of Food Engineering, 22, 399, 10.1016/0260-8774(94)90042-6

Gervais, 1995, Effect of the kinetics of temperature variation on Saccharomyces cerevisiae viability and permeability, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1235, 52, 10.1016/0005-2736(94)00299-5

Golowczyc, 2010, Preservation of probiotic strains isolated from kefir by spray drying, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 50, 7, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02759.x

Hassani, 2005, Comparing predicting models for heat inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at different pH, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 100, 213, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.10.017

Hernandez, 2007, Culture and spray-drying of Tsukamurella paurometabola C-924: Stability of formulated powders, Biotechnology Letters, 29, 1723, 10.1007/s10529-007-9436-0

Horaczek, 2004, Beauveria brongniartii subjected to spray-drying in a composite carrier matrix system, Journal of Microencapsulation, 21, 317, 10.1080/02652040410001673892

Huang, 2009, Inactivation kinetics of yeast cells during infrared drying, Drying Technology, 27, 1060, 10.1080/07373930903218453

Hutter, 1995, Spray drying of the dehalogenating bacterium Rhodococcus sp, Bioprocess Engineering, 13, 19, 10.1007/BF00368760

Ignatova, 2008, Modelling the effect of the redox potential and pH of heating media on Listeria monocytogenes heat resistance, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 105, 875, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03812.x

Johnson, 1993, Inactivation of lactic acid bacteria during spray drying, AIChE Symposium Series, 297, 98

Kearney, 2009, Development of a spray dried probiotic yoghurt containing Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338, International Dairy Journal, 19, 684, 10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.05.003

Keshavarz-Moore, 1990, Disruption of baker's yeast in a high-pressure homogenizer: New evidence on mechanism, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 12, 764, 10.1016/0141-0229(90)90149-K

Kets, 1994, Protective effect of betaine on survival of Lactobacillus plantarum subjected to drying, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 116, 251, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06711.x

Kets, 1996, Effect of compatible solutes on survival of lactic acid bacteria subjected to drying, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62, 259, 10.1128/AEM.62.1.259-261.1996

Kim, 1990, Survival of lactic acid bacteria during spray drying of plain yogurt, Journal of Food Science, 55, 1008, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb01585.x

Kosin, 2006, Microbial and processing criteria for production of probiotics: A review, Food Technology and Biotechnology, 44, 371

Laroche, 2005, Water activity affects heat resistance of microorganisms in food powders, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 97, 307, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.023

Laroche, 2003, Achievement of rapid osmotic dehydration at specific temperatures could maintain high Saccharomyces cerevisiae viability, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 60, 743, 10.1007/s00253-002-1167-5

Laroche, 2003, Unexpected thermal destruction of dried, glass bead-immobilized microorganisms as a function of water activity, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 3015, 10.1128/AEM.69.5.3015-3019.2003

Lee, 2002, Evaluation of the heat inactivation of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus plantarum by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 5379, 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5379-5386.2002

Leslie, 1995, Trehalose and sucrose protect both membranes and proteins in intact bacteria during drying, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 3592, 10.1128/AEM.61.10.3592-3597.1995

Li, 2006, Inactivation kinetics of probiotic bacteria during the drying of single milk droplets, Drying Technology, 24, 695, 10.1080/07373930600684890

Lian, 2002, Survival of bifidobacteria after spray-drying, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 74, 79, 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00733-4

Lievense, 1993, Convective drying of bacteria I: The drying processes, Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 50, 45, 10.1007/BFb0007386

Lievense, 1994, Convective drying of bacteria II: Factors influencing survival, Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 51, 71, 10.1007/BFb0008734

Lievense, 1994, Mechanism of dehydration inactivation of Lactobacillus plantarum, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 41, 90, 10.1007/BF00166087

Lievense, 1992, Modelling the inactivation of Lactobacillus plantarum during a drying process, Chemical Engineering Science, 47, 87, 10.1016/0009-2509(92)80203-O

Lin, 2002, Improving the glass-filament method for accurate measurement of drying kinetics of liquid droplets, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 80, 401, 10.1205/026387602317446443

Lin, 2006, A model for drying of an aqueous lactose droplet using the reaction engineering approach, Drying Technology, 24, 1329, 10.1080/07373930600951091

Linders, 1997, Carbohydrates and the dehydration inactivation of Lactobacillus plantarum: The role of moisture distribution and water activity, Journal of Food Engineering, 31, 237, 10.1016/S0260-8774(96)00077-5

Linders, 1997, Effect of growth parameters on the residual activity of Lactobacillus plantarum after drying, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 82, 683, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00183.x

Mackey, 1982, A comparison of solid and liquid media for measuring the sensitivity of heat-injured Salmonella typhimurium to selenite and tetrathionate media, and the time needed to recover resistance, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 53, 233

Mackey, 1991, Thermal denaturation of whole cells and cell components of Escherichia coli examined by differential scanning calorimetry, Journal of General Microbiology, 137, 2361, 10.1099/00221287-137-10-2361

Mackey, 1993, Thermal denaturation and loss of viability in Escherichia coli and Bacillus stearothermophillus, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 16, 56, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1993.tb00341.x

Madigan, 2006

Mafart, 2005, Food engineering and predictive microbiology: On the necessity to combine biological and physical kinetics, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 100, 239, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.10.023

Marechal, 1999, The importance of the kinetics of application of physical stresses on the viability of microorganisms: Significance for minimal food processing, Trends in Food Science and Technology, 10, 15, 10.1016/S0924-2244(99)00012-6

Mary, 1985, Rates of drying and survival of Rhizobium meliloti strains during storage at different relative humidities, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50, 207, 10.1128/AEM.50.2.207-211.1985

Melin, 2007, Biological preservation of plant derived animal feed with antifungal microorganisms: Safety and formulation aspects, Biotechnology Letters, 29, 1147, 10.1007/s10529-007-9375-9

Meng, 2008, Anhydrobiotics: The challenges of drying probiotic cultures, Food Chemistry, 106, 1406, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.076

Miles, 2006, Relating cell killing to inactivation of critical components, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 914, 10.1128/AEM.72.1.914-917.2006

Miles, 1986, Differential scanning calorimetry of bacteria, Journal of General Microbiology, 132, 939

Mille, 2005, Air drying optimization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae through its water-glycerol dehydration properties, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99, 376, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02615.x

Mille, 2004, New drying process for lactic bacteria based on their dehydration behavior in liquid medium, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 88, 71, 10.1002/bit.20211

Millqvist-Fureby, 2000, An aqueous polymer two-phase system as carrier in the spray-drying of biological material, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 225, 54, 10.1006/jcis.2000.6740

Miyamoto-Shinohara, 2000, Survival rate of microbes after freeze-drying and long-term storage, Cryobiology, 41, 251, 10.1006/cryo.2000.2282

Mohacsi-Farkas, 1999, Thermal denaturation of bacterial cells examined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 57, 409, 10.1023/A:1010139204401

Montville, 2007, Growth, survival and death of microbes in foods, 3

Morgan, 2006, Preservation of micro-organisms by drying; a review, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 66, 183, 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.02.017

Muller, 2010, Reconstitution conditions for dried probiotic powders represent a critical step in determining cell viability, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 108, 1369, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04533.x

Nguyen, 2006, Heat resistance and mechanism of heat inactivation in thermophilic campylobacters, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 908, 10.1128/AEM.72.1.908-913.2006

Obuchi, 2000, Calorimetric characterization of critical targets for killing and acquired thermotolerance in yeast, Yeast, 16, 111, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(20000130)16:2<111::AID-YEA507>3.0.CO;2-V

Oldenhof, 2005, Effect of sucrose and maltodextrin on the physical properties and survival of air-dried Lactobacillus bulgaricus: An in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study, Biotechnology Progress, 21, 885, 10.1021/bp049559j

Oliveira, 2007, Microencapsulation of B. lactis (BI 01) and L. acidophilus (LAC 4) by complex coacervation followed by spouted-bed drying, Drying Technology, 25, 1687, 10.1080/07373930701590939

O'Riordan, 2001, Evaluation of microencapsulation of a Bifidobacterium strain with starch as an approach to prolonging viability during storage, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91, 1059, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01472.x

Parvez, 2006, Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100, 1171, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02963.x

Peleg, 1998, Reinterpretation of microbial survival curves, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 38, 353, 10.1080/10408699891274246

Poirier, 1997, Effects of the kinetics of water potential variation on bacteria viability, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 82, 101, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1997.tb03303.x

Poirier, 1999, Saccharomyces cerevisiae viability is strongly dependant on rehydration kinetics and the temperature of dried cells, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 86, 87, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00638.x

Prasad, 2003, Heat and osmotic stress responses of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (DR20) in relation to viability after drying, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 917, 10.1128/AEM.69.2.917-925.2003

Ratti, 2001, Hot air and freeze-drying of high-value foods: A review, Journal of Food Engineering, 49, 311, 10.1016/S0260-8774(00)00228-4

Rebecchi, 2007, Anhydrobiosis: The extreme limit of desiccation tolerance, Invertebrate Survival Journal, 4, 65

Reddy, 2009, Comparative survival and evaluation of functional probiotic properties of spray-dried lactic acid bacteria, International Journal of Dairy Technology, 62, 240, 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2009.00480.x

Reichart, 2001, Reaction kinetic interpretation of heat destruction influenced by environmental factors, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 64, 289, 10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00474-8

Riveros, 2009, Spray drying of a vaginal probiotic strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Drying Technology, 27, 123, 10.1080/07373930802566002

Rosenberg, 1971, Quantitative evidence for protein denaturation as the cause of thermal death, Nature, 232, 471, 10.1038/232471a0

Sano, 1982, The drying of a spherical particle containing colloidal material into a hollow sphere, Chemical Engineering Science, 37, 881, 10.1016/0009-2509(82)80176-0

Santivarangkna, 2008, Protection mechanisms of sugars during different stages of preparation process of dried lactic acid starter cultures, Food Microbiology, 25, 429, 10.1016/j.fm.2007.12.004

Santivarangkna, 2006, Effect of carbohydrates on the survival of Lactobacillus helveticus during vacuum drying, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 42, 271, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2005.01835.x

Santivarangkna, 2007, Alternative drying processes for the industrial preservation of lactic acid starter cultures, Biotechnology Progress, 23, 302, 10.1021/bp060268f

Santivarangkna, 2008, Inactivation mechanisms of lactic acid starter cultures preserved by drying processes, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 105, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03744.x

Santivarangkna, 2007, Damage of cell envelope of Lactobacillus helveticus during vacuum drying, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 102, 748, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03123.x

Selmer-Olsen, 1999, Survival of Lactobacillus helveticus entrapped in Ca-alginate in relation to water content, storage and rehydration, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 23, 79, 10.1038/sj.jim.2900693

Silva, 2005, Effect of the pH of growth on the survival of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus to stress conditions during spray-drying, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98, 775, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02516.x

Silva, 2004, Induction of stress tolerance in Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus by the addition of sucrose to the growth medium, The Journal of Dairy Research, 71, 121, 10.1017/S0022029903006411

Silva, 2002, Bacteriocin production by spray-dried lactic acid bacteria, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 34, 77, 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01055.x

Simpson, 2005, Intrinsic tolerance of Bifidobacterium species to heat and oxygen and survival following spray drying and storage, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99, 493, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02648.x

Strasser, 2009, Influence of lyophilization, fluidized bed drying, addition of protectants, and storage on the viability of lactic acid bacteria, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107, 167, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04192.x

Sun, 1997, Cytoplasmic vitrification and survival of anhydrobiotic organisms, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 117A, 327, 10.1016/S0300-9629(96)00271-X

Sunny-Roberts, 2009, The protective effect of monosodium glutamate on survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus rhamnosus E-97800 (E800) strains during spray-drying and storage in trehalose-containing powders, International Dairy Journal, 19, 209, 10.1016/j.idairyj.2008.10.008

Teera-Arunsiri, 2003, Preparation of spray-dried wettable powder formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis-based biopesticides, Journal of Economic Entomology, 96, 292, 10.1093/jee/96.2.292

Teixeira, 1995, Spray drying as a method for preparing concentrated cultures of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, The Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 78, 456, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03433.x

Teixeira, 1996, Evidence of membrane lipid oxidation of spray-dried Lactobacillus bulgricus during storage, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 22, 34, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1996.tb01103.x

Teixeira, 1995, Survival of Lactobacillus delburekii ssp. bulgaricus following spray-drying, Journal of Dairy Science, 78, 1025, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76718-2

Teixeira, 1997, Identification of sites of injury in Lactobacillus bulgaricus during heat stress, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 83, 219, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00221.x

To, 1997, Spray drying, freeze drying, or freezing of three different lactic acid bacteria species, Journal of Food Science, 62, 576, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb04434.x

To, 1997, Survival of Brevibacterium linens (ATCC 9174) after spray drying, freeze drying or freezing, Journal of Food Science, 62, 167, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb04392.x

Tolker-Nielsen, 1996, Role of ribosome degradation in the death of heat-stressed Salmonella typhimurium, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 142, 155, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08423.x

Tsaousi, 2008, Low-temperature thermal drying of Saccharomyces cerevisiae starter culture for food production, Food Chemistry, 110, 547, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.041

Türker, 2006, Drying of baker's yeast in batch fluidized bed, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 45, 1019, 10.1016/j.cep.2006.01.016

Tymczyszyn, 2007, Volume recovery, surface properties and membrane integrity of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus dehydrated in the presence of trehalose or sucrose, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103, 2410, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03482.x

Tymczyszyn, 2008, Critical water activity for the preservation of Lactobacillus bulgaricus by vacuum drying, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 128, 342, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.09.009

Tymczyszyn, 2007, Effect of sugars and growth media on the dehydration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 102, 845, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03108.x

Valdramidis, 2005, An alternative approach to non-log-linear thermal microbial inactivation: Modelling the number of log cycles reduction with respect to temperature, Food Technology and Biotechnology, 43, 321

Valdramidis, 2007, Stress-adaptive responses by heat under the microscope of predictive microbiology, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103, 1922, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03426.x

van Boekel, 2002, On the use of the Weibull model to describe thermal inactivation of microbial vegetative cells, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 74, 139, 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00742-5

van de Guchte, 2002, Stress responses in lactic acid bacteria, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 82, 187, 10.1023/A:1020631532202

Van Stevenick, 1974, Phase transitions in the yeast cell membrane. The influence of temperature on the reconstitution of active dry yeast, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 352, 64, 10.1016/0005-2736(74)90179-5

Van Uden, 1976, Thermodynamic compensation in microbial thermal death, Archives of Microbiology, 108, 293, 10.1007/BF00454855

Vasiljevic, 2008, Probiotics — From Metchnikoff to bioactives, International Dairy Journal, 18, 10.1016/j.idairyj.2008.03.004

Wang, 2004, Viability of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in fermented soymilk after drying, subsequent rehydration and storage, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 93, 209, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.001

Welsh, 2000, Ecological significance of compatible solute accumulation by micro-organisms: From single cells to global climate, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 24, 263, 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00542.x

Xiong, 1999, Comparison of the Baranyi model with the modified Gompertz equation for modelling thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, Food Microbiology, 16, 269, 10.1006/fmic.1998.0243

Xiong, 1999, A mathematical model for bacterial inactivation, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 46, 45, 10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00172-X

Yamamoto, 1992, Drying of enzymes: Enzyme retention during drying of a single droplet, Chemical Engineering Science, 47, 177, 10.1016/0009-2509(92)80211-T

Ying, 2010, Microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG powders: Relationship of powder physical properties to probiotic survival during storage, Journal of Food Science, 75, E588, 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01838.x

Zamora, 2006, Comparative survival rates of lactic acid bacteria isolated from blood, following spray-drying and freezing-drying, Food science and Technology International, 12, 77, 10.1177/1082013206062443

Zavaglia, 2003, Action of trehalose on the preservation of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus by heat and osmotic dehydration, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95, 1315, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02102.x

Zhou, 2008, Activity-loss characteristics of spores of Bacillus thuringiensis during spray drying, Food and Bioproducts Processing, 86, 37, 10.1016/j.fbp.2007.10.017