Intronic Non-CG DNA hydroxymethylation and alternative mRNA splicing in honey bees

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 14 - Trang 1-15 - 2013
Pablo Cingolani1,2, Xiaoyi Cao3, Radhika S Khetani3, Chieh-Chun Chen3, Melissa Coon1, Alya’a Sammak1, Aliccia Bollig-Fischer4, Susan Land1, Yun Huang5, Matthew E Hudson3,6, Mark D Garfinkel7, Sheng Zhong3, Gene E Robinson3,8,9, Douglas M Ruden1,10
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
2School of Computer Science & Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
3Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA
4Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
5La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, USA
6Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA
7Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, USA
8Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA
9Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA
10Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA

Tóm tắt

Previous whole-genome shotgun bisulfite sequencing experiments showed that DNA cytosine methylation in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) is almost exclusively at CG dinucleotides in exons. However, the most commonly used method, bisulfite sequencing, cannot distinguish 5-methylcytosine from 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, an oxidized form of 5-methylcytosine that is catalyzed by the TET family of dioxygenases. Furthermore, some analysis software programs under-represent non-CG DNA methylation and hydryoxymethylation for a variety of reasons. Therefore, we used an unbiased analysis of bisulfite sequencing data combined with molecular and bioinformatics approaches to distinguish 5-methylcytosine from 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. By doing this, we have performed the first whole genome analyses of DNA modifications at non-CG sites in honey bees and correlated the effects of these DNA modifications on gene expression and alternative mRNA splicing. We confirmed, using unbiased analyses of whole-genome shotgun bisulfite sequencing (BS-seq) data, with both new data and published data, the previous finding that CG DNA methylation is enriched in exons in honey bees. However, we also found evidence that cytosine methylation and hydroxymethylation at non-CG sites is enriched in introns. Using antibodies against 5-hydroxmethylcytosine, we confirmed that DNA hydroxymethylation at non-CG sites is enriched in introns. Additionally, using a new technique, Pvu-seq (which employs the enzyme PvuRts1l to digest DNA at 5-hydroxymethylcytosine sites followed by next-generation DNA sequencing), we further confirmed that hydroxymethylation is enriched in introns at non-CG sites. Cytosine hydroxymethylation at non-CG sites might have more functional significance than previously appreciated, and in honey bees these modifications might be related to the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing by defining the locations of the introns.

Tài liệu tham khảo

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