The Ethics of Public Consultation in Health Care: An Orthodox Jewish Perspective
Tóm tắt
New Zealand and United Kingdom governments have set new directives for increased consultation with the public about health care. Set against a legacy of modest success with past engagement with public consultations, this paper considers potentially adverse ethical implications of the new directives. Drawing on experiences from New Zealand and the United Kingdom, and on an Orthodox Jewish perspective, the paper seeks to answer two questions: What conditions can compromise the ethics of public consultation? How can the public respond ethically to consultation? In answering these questions, the paper considers how Orthodox Judaism, as a specific positive morality, can aid the development of public policy. It is suggested that an Orthodox Jewish perspective does not require limiting the content of public consultations and helps to define a common procedural morality binding Jews and non-Jews. This procedural morality requires avoiding two conditions that, as shown from Jewish texts, make public consultation unethical. These are “overpreparation” and “underpreparation.” Members of the public who deem a consultation unethical should give feedback not on the proposal but on the conditions they perceive to prevent the consulting party from considering their viewpoints on the proposal.
Tài liệu tham khảo
citation_title=The Jewish Encyclopedia of Moral and Ethical Issues; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_id=CR1; citation_author=N. Amsel; citation_publisher=Jason Aronson Inc
Bava Mezia 4: 10.
Bava Kamma 10: 14.
citation_title=Freedom; citation_inbook_title=Contemporary Jewish Religious Thought. Original Essays on Critical Concepts, Movements and Beliefs; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=261-267; citation_id=CR4; citation_author=E.B. Borowitz; citation_publisher=The Free Press
citation_journal_title=Social Science and Medicine; citation_title=Explorations in Consultation of the Public and Health Professionals on Priority Setting in an Inner London Health District; citation_author=A. Bowling, B. Jacobson, L. Southgate; citation_volume=37; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=851-857; citation_id=CR5
citation_title=Code of Conduct/Code of Accountability; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR6; citation_publisher=Department of Health
citation_title=Patient and Public Involvement in the New NHS; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_id=CR7; citation_publisher=HMSO
Department of Health (2002) Transition Advisory Board—Patient and Public Involvement in Health. Progress Report April 2002. www.doh.gov.uk/involvingpatients/tab.htm
citation_title=The Foundations of Bioethics; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_id=CR9; citation_author=H.T. Engelhardt; citation_publisher=Oxford University Press
Genesis, Rabbah 54: 3.
citation_journal_title=Journal of Clinical Ethics; citation_title=Halakhic Dilemmas in Modern Medicine; citation_author=M.A. Grodin; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=218-221; citation_id=CR11
citation_journal_title=Social Policy and Administration; citation_title=Which Champions Which People—Public and User Involvement in Health Care as a Technology of Legitimation; citation_author=S. Harrison, M. Mort; citation_volume=32; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=60-70; citation_id=CR12
citation_journal_title=Health and Social Care in the Community; citation_title=Guest Editorial: Public and User Involvement in the UK National Health Service; citation_author=S. Harrison, G. Dowswell, T. Milewa; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=63-66; citation_id=CR13
citation_title=The Next Five Years in General Practice; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_id=CR14; citation_publisher=Health Funding Authority
citation_title=Consultation Obligations and Guidelines; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR15; citation_publisher=Health Funding Authority (internal document)
Hullin 94a: 53.
citation_journal_title=British Medical Journal; citation_title=Health Needs Assessment: Whose Priorities? Listening to Users and the Public; citation_author=J. Jordan, T. Dowswell, S. Harrison, R.J. Lilford, M. Mort; citation_volume=316; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=1668-1670; citation_id=CR17
citation_title=The Future Shape of Primary Health Care. A Discussion Document; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR18; citation_author=A. King; citation_publisher=Ministry of Health
Leviticus 19: 14.
Leviticus 19: 17.
citation_title=The Seven Laws of Noah; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_id=CR21; citation_author=A. Lichtenstein; citation_publisher=The Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Press
citation_journal_title=Social Science and Medicine; citation_title=‘The Public is Too Subjective’: Public Involvement at Different Levels of Health-care Decision Making; citation_author=A. Litva; citation_volume=54; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=1825-1837; citation_id=CR22
Minister of Health (1993) Health and Disability Services Act 1993, s. 34.
citation_title=Memorandum to Cabinet Business Committee. Health and Disability Sector Changes and Their implementation; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR24; citation_publisher=Office of the Minister of Health
citation_title=New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR25; citation_publisher=Office of the Minister of Health
citation_title=A DHA project paper; citation_inbook_title=Moving Forward—Needs, Services and Contracts; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_id=CR26; citation_publisher=NHS Management Executive
citation_title=Local Voices: The View of Local People in Purchasing For Health; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_id=CR27; citation_publisher=NHS Management Executive
citation_title=Purchasing for Health: A Framework for Action; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_id=CR28; citation_publisher=NHS Management Executive
citation_title=The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism. An Historical and Constructive Study of the Noahide Laws; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_id=CR29; citation_author=D. Novak; citation_publisher=Edwin Mellen Press
citation_journal_title=Health Services Management Research; citation_title=Integrity, Ambiguity or Duplicity? NHS Consultation With the Public; citation_author=E. Peck; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=201-210; citation_id=CR30
per McGechan, J. (1993) Adopted by the Court of Appeal in Wellington International Airport v Air New Zealand 1 NZLR 671, p. 675.
citation_title=The Nine Questions People Ask About Judaism; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_id=CR32; citation_author=D. Prager; citation_author=J. Telushkin; citation_publisher=Simon and Schuster
citation_title=Consultation Guidelines; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR33; citation_publisher=Public Health Commission
Shabbat 31a.
Shabbat 146b.
citation_journal_title=Bioethics; citation_title=Public Preferences for Health Care: Prioritisation in the United Kingdom; citation_author=D. Shickle; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=277-290; citation_id=CR36
citation_journal_title=Public Health; citation_title=Local Voices: Evolving a Realistic Strategy on Public Consultation; citation_author=A. Summers, K. McKeown; citation_volume=110; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=145-150; citation_id=CR37
Ta'amit 11a.
citation_title=Jewish Wisdom. Ethical, Spiritual and Historical Lessons from the Great Works and Thinkers; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR39; citation_author=J. Telushkin; citation_publisher=William Morrow and Company
citation_title=Health: A Charter for Patients in Wales; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_id=CR40; citation_publisher=Welsh Office
Yevamot 21a.
Yevamot 65b.
citation_journal_title=Journal of Clinical Ethics; citation_title=Face to Face, not Eye to Eye: Further Conversations on Jewish Medical Ethics; citation_author=L. Zoloth-Dorfman; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=222-231; citation_id=CR43