The biology of CNS remyelination

Barnes D, Munro PM, Youl BD, Prineas JW, McDonald WI (1991) The longstanding MS lesion. A quantitative MRI and electron microscopic study. Brain 114(Pt 3):1271–1280

Ben-Hur T, Einstein O, Mizrachi-Kol R, Ben-Menachem O, Reinhartz E, Karussis D, Abramsky O (2003) Transplanted multipotential neural precursor cells migrate into the inflamed white matter in response to experimental auto immune encephalomyelitis. Glia 41:73–80

Chang A, Tourtellotte WW, Rudick R, Trapp BD (2002) Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis. The New England Journal of Medicine 346:165–173

Einstein O, Fainstein N, Vaknin I, Mizrachi-Kol R, Reihartz E, Grigoriadis N, Lavon I, Baniyash M, Lassmann H, Ben-Hur T (2007) Neural precursors attenuate autoimmune encephalomyelitis by peripheral immunosuppression. Ann Neurol 61:209–218

Einstein O, Grigoriadis N, Mizrachi-Kol R, Reinhartz E, Polyzoidou E, Lavon I, Milonas I, Karussis D, Abramsky O, Ben-Hur T (2006) Transplanted neural precursor cells reduce brain inflammation to attenuate chronic experimental auto immune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 198:275–284

Hinks GL, Franklin RJM (2000) Delayed changes in growth factor gene expression during slow remyelination in the CNS of aged rats. Mol Cell Neurosci 16:542–556

Ibanez C, Shields SA, El-Etr M, Baulieu EE, Schumacher M, Franklin RJM (2004) Systemic progesterone administration results in a partial reversal of the age-associated decline in CNS remyelination following toxin-induced demyelination in male rats. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 30:80–89

Kotter MR, Li WW, Zhao C, Franklin RJM (2006) Myelin impairs CNS remyelination by inhibiting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation. J Neurosci 26:328–332

Kotter MR, Setzu A, Sim FJ, Van Rooijen N, Franklin RJM (2001) Macrophage depletion impairs oligodendrocyte remyelination following lysolecithin-induced demyelination. Glia 35:204–212

Kotter MR, Zhao C, van Rooijen N, Franklin RJM (2005) Macrophagedepletion induced impairment of experimental CNS remyelination is associated with a reduced oligodendrocyte progenitor cell response and altered growth factor expression. Neurobiol Dis 18:166–175

Lappe-Siefke C, Goebbels S, Gravel M, Nicksch E, Lee J, Braun PE, Griffiths IR, Nave KA (2003) Disruption of Cnp1 uncouples oligodendroglial functions in axonal support and myelination. Nature Genetics 33:366–374

Li W-W, Penderis J, Zhao C, Schumacher M, Franklin RJM (2006) Females remyelinate more efficiently than males following demyelination in the aged but not young adult CNS. Exp Neurol 202:250–254

Patani R, Balaratnam M, Vora A, Reynolds R (2007) Remyelination can be extensive in multiple sclerosis despite a long disease course. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 33:277–287

Patrikios P, Stadelmann C, Kutzelnigg A, Rauschka H, Schmidbauer M, Laursen H, Sorensen PS, Bruck W, Lucchinetti C, Lassmann H (2006) Remyelination is extensive in a subset of multiple sclerosis patients. Brain 129:3165–3172

Pluchino S, Martino G (2005) The therapeutic use of stem cells for myelin repair in autoimmune demyelinating disorders. J Neurol Sci 233:117–119

Pluchino S, Quattrini A, Brambilla E, Gritti A, Salani G, Dina G, Galli R, Del Carro U, Amadio S, Bergami A, Furlan R, Comi G, Vescovi AL, Martino G (2003) Injection of adult neurospheres induces recovery in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis. Nature 422:688–694

Prineas JW, Barnard RO, Kwon EE, Sharer LR, Cho ES (1993) Multiple sclerosis: remyelination of nascent lesions. Ann Neurol 33:137–151

Prineas JW, Connell F (1978) The fine structure of chronically active multiple sclerosis plaques. Neurology 28:68–75

Prineas JW, Kwon EE, Cho ES, Sharer LR (1984) Continual breakdown and regeneration of myelin in progressive multiple sclerosis plaques. Ann NY Acad Sci 436:11–32

Prineas JW, Kwon EE, Goldenberg PZ, Cho ES, Sharer LR (1990) Interaction of astrocytes and newly formed oligodendrocytes in resolving multiple sclerosis lesions. Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology 63:624–636

Robinson S, Miller RH (1999) Contact with central nervous system myelin inhibits oligodendrocyte precursor maturation. Devel Biol 216:359–368

Shields SA, Gilson JM, Blakemore WF, Franklin RJM (1999) Remyelination occurs as extensively but more slowly in old rats compared to young rats following gliotoxin-induced CNS demyelination. Glia 28:77–83

Sim FJ, Hinks GL, Franklin RJM (2000) The re-expression of the homeodomain transcription factor Gtx during remyelination of experimentally induced demyelinating lesions in young and old rat brain. Neuroscience 100:131–139

Sim FJ, Zhao C, Penderis J, Franklin RJM (2002) The age-related decrease in CNS remyelination efficiency is attributable to an impairment of both oligodendrocyte progenitor recruitment and differentiation. J Neurosci 22:2451–2459

Smith PM, Jeffery ND (2006) Histological and ultrastructural analysis of white matter damage after naturally-occurring spinal cord injury. Brain Pathol (Zurich, Switzerland) 16:99–109

van Rooijen N, van Nieuwmegen R (1984) Elimination of phagocytic cells in the spleen after intravenous injection of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate. An enzyme-histochemical study. Cell and Tissue Research 238:355–358

Wolswijk G (1998) Chronic stage multiple sclerosis lesions contain a relatively quiescent population of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. J Neurosci 18:601–609

Woodruff RH, Franklin RJM (1999) Demyelination and remyelination of the caudal cerebellar peduncle of adult rats following stereotaxic injections of lysolecithin, ethidium bromide, and complement/anti-galactocerebroside: a comparative study. Glia 25:216–228

Woodruff RH, Fruttiger M, Richardson WD, Franklin RJM (2004) Platelet-derived growth factor regulates oligodendrocyte progenitor numbers in adult CNS and their response following CNS demyelination. Mol Cell Neurosci 25:252–262

Yajima K, Suzuki K (1979) Demyelination and remyelination in the rat central nervous system following ethidium bromide injection. Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology 41:385–392

Zhao C, Li WW, Franklin RJM (2006) Differences in the early inflammatory responses to toxin-induced demyelination are associated with the age-related decline in CNS remyelination. Neurobiol Aging 27:1298–1307