GLI 2012 equations define few spirometric anomalies in the general population: the PneumoLaus study
Tóm tắt
Reduced lung function predicts increased mortality, but its prevalence may vary depending on definition considered, use of bronchodilation and applied reference values. We aimed to assess lung function abnormalities in Lausanne, Switzerland, and their association with clinical history. In a general population sample, spirometry was performed and bronchodilation applied if the ratio forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) / forced vital capacity (FVC) or the FVC was below the lower limit of normal (LLN) according to Global Lung Function Initiative 2012 references. Results for FEV1/FVC according to the LLN were compared to the 0.7 fixed ratio. Respiratory risk factors, symptoms and self-reported respiratory diagnoses were recorded through a questionnaire. Out of the 3342 included subjects, 3.8% had chronic obstruction and 2.5% reversible obstruction when using the LLN; possible lung restriction alone was present in 1.8%, and associated with chronic obstruction in 0.4%. Ever smokers had a higher prevalence of abnormal spirometry, chronic obstruction and reversible obstruction; there was no difference with regard to possible restriction. Overall, chronic airway obstruction was found in 8.9% of current smokers, 4.6% of former smokers and 1.5% of never smokers. Only one third of participants with chronic obstruction were aware of a respiratory disease. Prevalence of abnormal lung function in the population of Lausanne is low. This may be due to a low rate of ever-smokers, the application of a full bronchodilation dose, but also to inherent characteristics of this population.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Young RP, Hopkins R, Eaton TE. Forced expiratory volume in one second: not just a lung function test but a marker of premature death from all causes. Eur Respir J. 2007;30:616–22.
Burney PG, Hooper R. Forced vital capacity, airway obstruction and survival in a general population sample from the USA. Thorax. 2011;66:49–54.
Guder G, Brenner S, Angermann CE, Ertl G, Held M, Sachs AP, Lammers JW, Zanen P, Hoes AW, Stork S, Rutten FH. GOLD or lower limit of normal definition? A comparison with expert-based diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a prospective cohort-study. Respir Res. 2012;13:13.
Kainu A, Timonen K, Lindqvist A, Piirila P. GOLD criteria overestimate airflow limitation in one-third of cases in the general Finnish population. ERJ Open Res. 2016;2:00084-2015.
Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Pedersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Report working party standardization of lung function tests, European Community for steel and coal. Official statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J Suppl. 1993;16:5–40.
Hankinson JL, Odencrantz JR, Fedan KB. Spirometric reference values from a sample of the general U.S. population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:179–87.
Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, Enright PL, Hankinson JL, Ip MS, Zheng J, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:1324–43.
Firmann M, Mayor V, Vidal PM, Bochud M, Pecoud A, Hayoz D, Paccaud F, Preisig M, Song KS, Yuan X, et al. The CoLaus study: a population-based study to investigate the epidemiology and genetic determinants of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2008;8:6.
Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, Crapo R, Enright P, van der Grinten CP, Gustafsson P, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005;26:319–38.
Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, van der Grinten CP, Gustafsson P, Hankinson J, et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2005;26:948–68.
Fletcher CM. The clinical diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema; an experimental study. Proc R Soc Med. 1952;45:577–84.
Hankinson JL, Eschenbacher B, Townsend M, Stocks J, Quanjer PH. Use of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second quality criteria for determining a valid test. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:1283–92.
Burney P, Jithoo A, Kato B, Janson C, Mannino D, Nizankowska-Mogilnicka E, Studnicka M, Tan W, Bateman E, Kocabas A, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality and prevalence: the associations with smoking and poverty--a BOLD analysis. Thorax. 2014;69:465–73.
Maio S, Sherrill DL, MacNee W, Lange P, Costabel U, Dahlen SE, Sybrecht GW, Burghuber OC, Stevenson R, Tonnesen P, et al. The European Respiratory Society spirometry tent: a unique form of screening for airway obstruction. Eur Respir J. 2012;39:1458–67.
Hofman A, Brusselle GG, Darwish Murad S, van Duijn CM, Franco OH, Goedegebure A, Ikram MA, Klaver CC, Nijsten TE, Peeters RP, et al. The Rotterdam Study: 2016 Objectives and design update. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015, 30:661–708.
Martin BW, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Leuenberger P, Kunzli N, Stutz EZ, Keller R, Zellweger JP, Wuthrich B, Monn C, Blaser K, et al. SAPALDIA: methods and participation in the cross-sectional part of the Swiss study on air pollution and lung diseases in adults. Soz Praventivmed. 1997;42:67–84.
Terzikhan N, Verhamme KM, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG, Lahousse L. Prevalence and incidence of COPD in smokers and non-smokers: the Rotterdam study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016;31:785–92.
Bridevaux PO, Probst-Hensch NM, Schindler C, Curjuric I, Felber Dietrich D, Braendli O, Brutsche M, Burdet L, Frey M, Gerbase MW, et al. Prevalence of airflow obstruction in smokers and never-smokers in Switzerland. Eur Respir J. 2010;36:1259–69.
Brandli O, Schindler C, Kunzli N, Keller R, Perruchoud AP. Lung function in healthy never smoking adults: reference values and lower limits of normal of a Swiss population. Thorax. 1996;51:277–83.
Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, Gillespie S, Burney P, Mannino DM, Menezes AM, Sullivan SD, Lee TA, Weiss KB, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet. 2007;370:741–50.
Mannino DM, Sonia Buist A, Vollmer WM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the older adult: what defines abnormal lung function? Thorax. 2007;62:237–41.
Kuster SP, Kuster D, Schindler C, Rochat MK, Braun J, Held L, Brandli O. Reference equations for lung function screening of healthy never-smoking adults aged 18-80 years. Eur Respir J. 2008;31:860–8.
Guerriero M, Caminati M, Viegi G, Senna G, Cesana G, Pomari C. COPD prevalence in a north-eastern Italian general population. Respir Med. 2015;109:1040–7.
Han MK, Postma D, Mannino DM, Giardino ND, Buist S, Curtis JL, Martinez FJ. Gender and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: why it matters. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176:1179–84.
Antuni JD, Barnes PJ. Evaluation of individuals at risk for COPD: beyond the scope of the global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2016;3:653–67.
Guerra S, Carsin AE, Keidel D, Sunyer J, Leynaert B, Janson C, Jarvis D, Stolz D, Rothe T, Pons M, et al. Health-related quality of life and risk factors associated with spirometric restriction. Eur Respir J. 2017;49:1602096.
Godfrey MS, Jankowich MD. The vital capacity is vital: epidemiology and clinical significance of the restrictive spirometry pattern. Chest. 2016;149:238–51.
Bernd L, Joan BS, Michael S, Bernhard K, Lowie EV, Louisa G, Peter B, Marc M, Francisco GR, Kaveh A, et al. Determinants of underdiagnosis of COPD in national and international surveys. Chest. 2015;148:971–85.
Viegi G, Matteelli G, Angino A, Scognamiglio A, Baldacci S, Soriano JB, Carrozzi L. The proportional Venn diagram of obstructive lung disease in the Italian general population. Chest. 2004;126:1093–101.
Spero K, Bayasi G, Beaudry L, Barber KR, Khorfan F. Overdiagnosis of COPD in hospitalized patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:2417–23.
Howe CJ, Cole SR, Lau B, Napravnik S, Eron JJ Jr. Selection Bias due to loss to follow up in cohort studies. Epidemiology. 2016;27:91–7.
Jordan S, Watkins A, Storey M, Allen SJ, Brooks CJ, Garaiova I, Heaven ML, Jones R, Plummer SF, Russell IT, et al. Volunteer bias in recruitment, retention, and blood sample donation in a randomised controlled trial involving mothers and their children at six months and two years: a longitudinal analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e67912.