Dietary roles of phytate and phytase in human nutrition: A review

Anon (1969). Vital Statistics of the United States 1967. Mortality: Washington, DC, US Department Health, Education, Welfare, Vol. 2, Part A, Tables 1–7. Antrim, R. L., Mitchinson, C., & Solheim, L. P. (1997). Method for liquefying starch. US patent 5652127. Arnold, 1993, Evaluation of chemopreventive agents in different mechanistic classes using a rat epithelial cell culture transformation assay, Cancer Research, 73, 537 Askar, 1983, Phytinsäure in Lebensmittel, Alimenta, 22, 131 Babich, 1993, Comparative toxicities of selected minor dietary non-nutrients with chemopreventive properties, Cancer Letter, 73, 127, 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90254-7 Barker, 1999, Inositol hexakisphosphate and beta-cell stimulus secretion coupling, Anticancer Research, 19, 3737 Bartnik, 1988, Phytate hydrolysis during bread-making in several sorts of Polish bread, Die Nahrung, 32, 37, 10.1002/food.19880320112 Baruah, 2007, Interactions of dietary microbial phytase, citric acid and crude protein level on mineral utilization by Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Juveniles, Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 38, 238, 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2007.00092.x Baten, 1989, Inositol-phosphate-induced enhancement of natural killer cell activity correlates with tumour suppression, Carcinogenesis, 10, 1595, 10.1093/carcin/10.9.1595 Bilgicli, 2006, Effects of various phytase sources on phytic acid content, mineral extractability and protein digestibility of Tarhana, Food Chemistry, 98, 329, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.078 Billington, 1993 Bindu, S., & Varadaraj, M. C. (2005). Process for the preparation of Chapathi dough with reduced phytic acid level. United States Patent Application #20050048165. Brinch-Pedersen, 2000, Generation of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for constitutive accumulation of an Aspergillus phytase, Molecular Breeding, 6, 195, 10.1023/A:1009690730620 Brown, 1961, Phytic acid – Analytical investigation, Canadian Journal of Chemistry-Revue Canadienne de Chimie, 39, 1290, 10.1139/v61-163 Brune, 1992, Iron absorption from bread in humans: Inhibiting effects of cereal fibre, phytate and inositol phosphates with different numbers of phosphate groups, Journal of Nutrition, 122, 442, 10.1093/jn/122.3.442 Caransa, 1988, A novel enzyme application in corn wet milling, Starch, 40, 409, 10.1002/star.19880401102 Challa, 1997, Interactive suppression of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in rat colon by phytic acid and green tea, Carcinogenesis, 18, 2023, 10.1093/carcin/18.10.2023 Cheryan, 1980, Phytic acid interactions in food systems, CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 13, 297, 10.1080/10408398009527293 Cheryan, 1983, Magnesium–phytate complexes – Effect of pH and molar ratio on solubility characteristics, Cereal Chemistry, 60, 235 Clinton, 1987, The effects of ammonia on N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine induced colon carcinogenesis and ras oncogene expression, The Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 46, 585 Coradini, 2000, Sodium butyrate modulates cell cycle-related proteins in HT29 human colonic adenocarcinoma cells, Cell Proliferation, 33, 139, 10.1046/j.1365-2184.2000.00173.x Cosgrove, 1966, Chemistry and biochemistry of inositol polyphosphates, Review in Pure Applied Chemistry, 16, 209 Daudon, 1993, Urinary calculi: Review of classification methods and correlations with etiology, Scanning Microscopy, 7, 1081 de Angelis, 2003, Phytase activity in sourdough lactic acid bacteria: Purification and characterisation of a phytase from Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis CB1, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 87, 259, 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00072-2 De Silva, 2005, Low phytate lupin flour based biomass obtained by fermentation with a mutant of Aspergillus niger, Process Biochemistry, 40, 951, 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.02.016 Debnath, 2005, Present scenario and future prospects of phytase in aqua feed – Review, Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 18, 1800, 10.5713/ajas.2005.1800 Deliliers, 2002, Effects of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) on human normal and leukaemic hematopoietic cells, British Journal of Haematology, 117, 577, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03453.x Deshpande, 1984, Effects of phytic acid, divalent cations, and their interactions on alpha-amylase activity, Journal of Food Science, 49, 516, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb12456.x Deshpande, 1989, Effect of phytate on solubility, activity and conformation of trypsin and chymotrypsin, Journal of Food Science, 54, 695, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1989.tb04684.x Dong, 1999, PI-3 kinase in signal transduction, cell transformation, and as a target for chemoprevention of cancer, Anticancer Research, 19, 3743 Egli, 2002, The influence of soaking and germination on the phytase activity and phytic acid content of grains and seeds potentially useful for complementary feeding, Journal of Food Science, 67, 3484, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09609.x El-Sherbiny, 2001, G0/G1 arrest and S phase inhibition of human cancer cell lines by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), Anticancer Research, 21, 2393 Essers, 2000, Homologous and non-homologous recombination differentially affect DNA damage repair in mice, The EMBO Journal, 19, 1703, 10.1093/emboj/19.7.1703 Felix, 2006, Renal lithiasis and nutrition, Nutrition Journal, 5, 23, 10.1186/1475-2891-5-23 Ferry, 2002, Inositol hexakisphosphate blocks tumour cell growth by activating apoptotic machinery as well as by inhibiting the Akt/NFkB-mediated cell survival pathway, Carcinogenesis, 23, 2031, 10.1093/carcin/23.12.2031 Foster, 2003, The phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase family, Journal of Cell Science, 116, 3037, 10.1242/jcs.00609 Fredlund, 2006, Absorption of zinc and retention of calcium: Dose-dependent inhibition by phytate, Journal of Trace elements in Medicine and Biology, 20, 49, 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.003 Fredrikson, 2001, Production process for high-quality pea-protein isolate with low content of oligosaccharides and phytate, Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 49, 1208, 10.1021/jf000708x Fujita, 2003, Production of two types of phytase from Aspergillus oryzae during industrial koji making, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 95, 460, 10.1016/S1389-1723(03)80045-2 Godley, 1996, Biomarkers of essential fatty acid consumption and risk of prostate carcinoma, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 5, 889 Gollapudi, 2008, MGN-3/biobran, modified arabinoxylan from rice bran, sensitizes human breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agent, daunorubicin, Cancer Detection and Prevention, 32, 1, 10.1016/j.cdp.2008.02.006 Graf, 1985, Dietary suppression of colonic cancer. Fibre or phytate?, Cancer, 56, 717, 10.1002/1097-0142(19850815)56:4<717::AID-CNCR2820560402>3.0.CO;2-4 Graf, 1990, Antioxidant functions of phytic acid, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 8, 61, 10.1016/0891-5849(90)90146-A Graf, 1987, Phytic acid: A natural antioxidant, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262, 11647, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60858-0 Graf, 1984, Iron-catalysed hydroxyl radical formation. Stringent requirement for free iron coordination site, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 259, 3620, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)43139-5 Graf, 1991, Inhibition of warmed-over flavor development by polyvalent cations, Journal of Food Science, 56, 1055, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb14640.x Grases, 2002, Simple classification of renal calculi closely related to their micromorphology and etiology, Clinica Chimica Acta, 322, 29, 10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00063-3 Grases, 2000, Urinary phytate in calcium oxalate stone formers and healthy people – Dietary effects on phytate excretion, Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 34, 162, 10.1080/003655900750016526 Grases, 2000, Phytate prevents tissue calcifications in female rats, BioFactors, 11, 171, 10.1002/biof.5520110303 Grases, 2001, Absorption and excretion of orally administered inositol hexaphosphate (IP6 or phytate) in humans, BioFactors, 15, 53, 10.1002/biof.5520150105 Greiner, 1997, Purification and characterisation of a phytase from Klebsiella terrigena, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 341, 201, 10.1006/abbi.1997.9942 Greiner, 1999, Improving enzymatic reduction of myo-inositol phosphates with inhibitory effects on mineral absorption in black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris var Preto), Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 23, 249, 10.1111/j.1745-4549.1999.tb00383.x Greiner, 2006, Phytase for food application, Food Technology and Biotechnology, 44, 125 Greiner, 1993, Purification and characterisation of two phytases from Escherichia coli, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 303, 107, 10.1006/abbi.1993.1261 Greiner, 2001, Purification and characterisation of a phytate-degrading enzyme from germinated faba beans (Vicia faba var Alameda), Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 49, 2234, 10.1021/jf0100806 Halliwell, 1989 Hamada, 1996, Isolation and identification of the multiple forms of soybean phytases, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 73, 1143, 10.1007/BF02523376 Hamada, 2005, High-level production of yeast (Schwanniomyces occidentalis) phytase in transgenic rice plants by combination of signal sequence and codon modification of the phytase gene, Journal of Plant Biotechnology, 3, 43, 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2004.00098.x Hanakahi, 2000, Binding of inositol phosphate to DNA-PK and stimulation of double-strand break repair, Cell, 102, 721, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00061-1 Hardy, 1998, Phytate, Aquaculture Magazine, 11, 77 Haros, 2001, Fungal phytase as a potential bread-making additive, European Food Research and Technology, 213, 317, 10.1007/s002170100396 Hayakawa, 1989, Purification and characterisation of acid phosphatases with or without phytase activity from rice bran, Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 53, 1475, 10.1271/bbb1961.53.1475 Hill, 1954, The reaction between protein and phytate, Journal of Agricultural Science, 44, 324, 10.1017/S0021859600044798 Hirimuthugoda, 2006, Diversity of phytase-producing marine yeasts, Ciencias Marinas, 32, 673, 10.7773/cm.v32i4.1165 Holm, 2002, Transgenic approaches in commonly consumed cereals to improve iron and zinc content and bioavailability, Journal of Nutrition, 132, 514S, 10.1093/jn/132.3.514S Houde, 1990, Purification and characterisation of canola seed (Brassica sp.) phytase, Journal of Food Biochemistry, 114, 331, 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1990.tb00846.x Hu, 1996, Hydrolysis of phytate and inositol tri-, tetra-, and penta-phosphates by the intestinal mucosa of the pig, Nutrition Research, 16, 781, 10.1016/0271-5317(96)00070-X Huang, 1997, Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits cell transformation and activator protein 1 activation by targeting phosphatidylinositol-39 kinase, Cancer Research, 57, 2873 Hurrell, 2003, Influence of vegetable protein sources on trace element and mineral bioavailability, Journal of Nutrition, 133, 2973, 10.1093/jn/133.9.2973S Hurrell, 2003, Degradation of phytic acid in cereal porridges improves iron absorption by human subjects, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77, 1213, 10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1213 Inagawa, 1987, Effect of phytic acid on the digestion of casein and soyabean protein with trypsin, pancreatin and pepsin, Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi, 40, 367, 10.4327/jsnfs.40.367 Iqbal, 1994, Phytase activity in the human and rat small intestine, Gut, 35, 1233, 10.1136/gut.35.9.1233 Jariwalla, 1990, Lowering of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and modulation of divalent cations by dietary phytate, Journal of Applied Nutrition, 42, 18 Jenab, 2000, Phytic acid in wheat bran affects colon morphology, cell differentiation and apoptosis, Carcinogenesis, 21, 1547, 10.1093/carcin/21.8.1547 Jin, 2004, Expression and characterisation of extracellular fungal phytase transformed sesame hairy root cultures, Protein Expression and Purification, 37, 486, 10.1016/j.pep.2004.06.020 Katayama, 1997, Effects of dietary myo-inositol or phytic acid on hepatic concentrations of lipids and hepatic activities of lipogenic enzymes in rats fed on corn starch or sucrose, Nutrition Research, 17, 721, 10.1016/S0271-5317(97)00042-0 Katina, 2005, Potential of sourdough for healthier cereal products, Trends Food Science and Technology, 16, 104, 10.1016/j.tifs.2004.03.008 Kaufman, 1971, Effect of pH on calcium binding by phytic acid and its inositol phosphoric acid derivatives and on the solubility of their calcium salts, Archives of Oral Biology, 16, 445, 10.1016/0003-9969(71)90168-3 Kemme, 1999, Digestibility of nutrients in growing-finishing pigs is affected by Aspergillus niger phytase, phytate and lactic acid levels. 1. Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids, Livestock Production Science, 58, 107, 10.1016/S0301-6226(98)00203-6 Kerovuo, 1998, Isolation, characterisation, molecular gene cloning, and sequencing of a novel phytase from Bacillus subtilis, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 2079, 10.1128/AEM.64.6.2079-2085.1998 Khare, 1994, Entrapment of wheat phytase in polyacrylamide gel and its application in soy milk phytate hydrolysis, Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 19, 193 Klevay, 1975, Coronary heart disease: The zinc/copper hypothesis, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 28, 764, 10.1093/ajcn/28.7.764 Knuckles, 1988, Effect of phytate and other myo-inositol phosphate esters on lipase activity, Journal of Food Science, 53, 250, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb10221.x Knuckles, 1987, Effect of phytate and other myoinositol phosphate esters on alpha-amylase digestion of starch, Journal of Food Science, 52, 719, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1987.tb06710.x Konietzny, 2002, Molecular and catalytic properties of phytatedegrading enzymes (phytases), International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 37, 791, 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00617.x Konietzny, 2003, Phytic acid: Nutritional impact, 4555 Kvist, S., Carlsson, T., Lawther, J. M., & DeCastro, F. B. (2005). Process for the fractionation of cereal brans. US patent application US 20050089602. Landis, 1999, Cancer statistics 1999, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 49, 9, 10.3322/canjclin.49.1.8 Larsson, 1997, Inhibition of phosphatases and increased Ca2+ channel activity by inositol hexaphosphate, Science, 278, 471, 10.1126/science.278.5337.471 Larsson, 1991, Phytate reduction in bread containing oat flour, oat brand, or rye bran, Journal of Cereal Science, 14, 141, 10.1016/S0733-5210(09)80135-5 Larsson, 1992, Phytate reduction in oats during malting, Journal of Food Science, 57, 994, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1992.tb14340.x Laumen, 1994, Preparative scale chemo enzymatic synthesis of optically pure D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate, Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 58, 2046, 10.1271/bbb.58.2046 Lee, 2006, Dietary phytic acid lowers the blood glucose level in diabetic KK mice, Nutrition Research, 26, 474, 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.06.017 Leeson, S. (1993). Recent advances in fat utilisation by poultry. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia (pp. 170–1981). Armidale, NSW: The University of New England. Li, 1997, Secretion of active recombinant phytase from soybean cell-suspension cultures, Plant Physiology, 114, 1103, 10.1104/pp.114.3.1103 Loewus, 2002, Biosynthesis of phytate in food grains and seeds, 53 Lönnerdal, 2002, Phytic acid-trace element (Zn, Cu, Mn) interactions, International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 37, 749, 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00640.x Lopez, 1983, Release of phosphorus from phytate by natural lactic acid fermentation, Journal of Food Science, 48, 952, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb14938.x Lopez, 2002, Minerals and phytic acid interactions: Is it a real problem for human nutrition?, International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 37, 727, 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00618.x Lucca, 2001, Approaches to improve the bioavailability and level of iron in rice seeds, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81, 828, 10.1002/jsfa.886 Ma, 2002, Binding of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) to Ku but not to DNA-PKcs, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 10756, 10.1074/jbc.C200030200 Maffucci, 2001, Specificity in pleckstrin homology (PH) domain membrane targeting: A role for a phosphoinositideprotein co-operative mechanism, FEBS Letters, 506, 173, 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02909-X Mallett, 1989, The influence of incubation pH on the activity of rat and human gut flora enzymes, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 66, 433, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05112.x Marklinder, 1995, Degradation of phytate by using varied sources of phytases in an oat-based nutrient solution fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum 2991, Food Microbiology, 12, 487, 10.1016/S0740-0020(95)80133-2 Matyka, 1990, The retention of phytin phosphorus from diets with fat supplements in broiler chickens, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 31, 223, 10.1016/0377-8401(90)90126-S Maugenest, 1999, Structure of two maize phytase genes and their spatio-temporal expression during seedling development, Plant Molecular Biology, 39, 503, 10.1023/A:1006131506193 McCollum, 1908, On the occurrence of a phytin-splitting enzyme in animal tissues, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 4, 497, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36370-6 Midorikawa, 2001, Protective effect of phytic acid on oxidative DNA damage with reference to cancer chemoprevention, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 288, 552, 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5808 Minihane, 2002, Iron absorption and the iron binding and anti-oxidant properties of phytic acid, International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 37, 741, 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00619.x Mudge, 2003, Root-specific and phosphate-regulated expression of phytase under the control of a phosphate transporter promoter enables Arabidopsis to grow on phytate as a sole P source, Plant Science, 165, 871, 10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00286-3 Nakano, 1999, Purification and characterisation of phytase from bran of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Nourin #61, Food Science and Technology Research, 5, 18, 10.3136/fstr.5.18 Nayini, 1984, The phytase of yeast, Lebensm.Wiss. Technol., 17, 24 Newmark, 1990, Determinants and consequences of colonic luminal pH: Implications for colon cancer, Nutrition and Cancer, 14, 161, 10.1080/01635589009514091 Nolan, 1987, Effects of phytate on mineral bioavailability – In vitro studies on Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ (also Cd2+) solubilities in the presence of phytate, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 40, 79, 10.1002/jsfa.2740400110 Oberleas, 1983, The role of phytate in zinc bioavailability and homeostasis, 145 O’Dell, 1976, Complexation of phytate with proteins and cations in corn grain and oilseed meals, Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 24, 804, 10.1021/jf60206a034 Onomi, 2004, Effect of dietary level of phytic acid on hepatic and serum lipid status in rats fed a high-sucrose diet, Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 68, 1379, 10.1271/bbb.68.1379 Otake, 1999, Anti-HIV-1 activity of myo-inositol hexaphosphoric acid (IP6) and myo-inositol hexasulfate (IS6), Anticancer Research, 19, 3723 Otake, 1989, Inhibitory effect of inositol hexasulfate and inositol hexaphosphoric acid (phytic acid) on the proliferation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro, Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 63, 676, 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.63.676 Persson, 1998, Binding of Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ to inositol tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexaphosphates, Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 46, 3194, 10.1021/jf971055w Phillippy, 1988, Gradient ion chromatography of inositol phosphates, Analytical Biochemistry, 175, 162, 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90374-0 Phillippy, 1997, Antioxidant functions of inositol 1,2,3-trisphosphate and inositol 1,2,3,6-tetrakisphosphate, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 22, 939, 10.1016/S0891-5849(96)00342-5 Pieras, 2006, Papillary and nonpapillary calcium oxalate monohydrate renal calculi: Comparative study of etiologic factors, TSW Urology, 1, 116, 10.1100/tswurol.2006.101 Ponstein, 2002, Stable expression of phytase (phyA) in canola (Brassica napus) seeds: Towards a commercial product, Molecular Breeding, 10, 31, 10.1023/A:1020326219687 Prasad, 1963, Biochemical studies on dwarfism, hypogonadism and anemia, Archives of Internal Medicine, 111, 407, 10.1001/archinte.1963.03620280007003 Quan, 2001, Production of phytase in a low phosphate medium by a novel yeast Candida krusei, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 92, 154, 10.1263/jbb.92.154 Raboy, 2001, Seeds for a better future: Low phytate grains help to overcome malnutrition and reduce pollution, Trends in Plant Science, 6, 458, 10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02104-5 Raboy, 2003, Myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate, Phytochemistry, 64, 1033, 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00446-1 Ravindran, 1995, Phytates: Occurrence, bioavailability, and implications in poultry nutrition, Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews, 6, 125 Reddy, 1999, Prevention of colon carcinogenesis by components of dietary fibre, Anticancer Research, 19, 3681 Reddy, 2002, Occurrence, distribution, content, and dietary intake of phytate, 25 Reddy, 2000, Preventive potential of wheat bran fractions against experimental colon carcinogenesis: Implications for human colon cancer prevention, Cancer Research, 60, 4792 Reddy, 1987, Metabolic epidemiology of colon cancer: Effect of dietary fibre on faecal mutagens and bile acids in healthy subjects, Cancer Research, 47, 644 Richardson, 1997, Soil isolates of Pseudomonas spp. That utilise inositol phosphates, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 43, 509, 10.1139/m97-073 Rickard, 1997, Interactions and biological effects of phytic acid, 294 Rodriguez, 2000, Site-directed mutagenesis improves catalytic efficiency and thermostability of Escherichia coli pH 2.5 acid phosphatase/phytase expressed in Pichia pastoris, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 382, 105, 10.1006/abbi.2000.2021 Saied, 1998, Up-regulation of the tumour suppressor gene p53 and WAF1 gene expression by IP6 in HT-29 human colon carcinoma cell line, Anticancer Research, 18, 1479 Sakamoto, 1993, Growth inhibition and differentiation of HT-29 cells in vitro by inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid), Carcinogenesis, 14, 1815, 10.1093/carcin/14.9.1815 Sandberg, 1999, Inositol phosphates with different number of phosphate groups influence iron absorption in humans, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70, 240, 10.1093/ajcn.70.2.240 Sandberg, 1996, Dietary Aspergillus niger phytase increases iron absorption in humans, Journal of Nutrition, 126, 476, 10.1093/jn/126.2.476 Sandberg, 1993, High dietary calcium level decreases colonic phytate degradation in pigs fed a rapeseed diet, Journal of Nutrition, 123, 559, 10.1093/jn/123.3.559 Sandström, 1990, Effect of inositol hexaphosphate on retention of zinc and calcium from the human colon, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 44, 705 Santosa, 2004, A rapid and highly efficient method for transformation of sugarcane callus, Molecular Biotechnology, 28, 113, 10.1385/MB:28:2:113 Segueilha, 1992, Purification and properties of the phytase from Schwanniomyces castellii, Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 74, 7, 10.1016/0922-338X(92)90259-W Selle, 2007, Effects of pre-pelleted wheat and phytase supplementation on broiler growth performance and nutrient utilisation, Proceedings of Australian Poultry Science Symposium, 19, 182 Selle, 2007, Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 135, 1, 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.010 Selle, 2000, Phytate and phytase: Consequences for protein utilisation, Nutrition Research Reviews, 13, 255, 10.1079/095442200108729098 Selvam, 2002, Calcium oxalate stone disease: Role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants, Urological Research, 30, 35, 10.1007/s00240-001-0228-z Shamsuddin, 2002, Anti-cancer function of phytic acid, International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 37, 769, 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00620.x Shamsuddin, 1992, Effects of inositol hexaphosphate on growth and differentiation in K-562 erythroleukaemia cell line, Cancer Letter, 64, 195, 10.1016/0304-3835(92)90043-U Shamsuddin, 1989, Inositol and inositol hexaphosphate suppress cell proliferation and tumour formation in CD-1 mice, Carcinogenesis, 10, 1461, 10.1093/carcin/10.8.1461 Shamsuddin, 1999, Mammary tumour inhibition by IP6: A review, Anticancer Research, 19, 3671 Shamsuddin, 1997, IP6: A novel anti-cancer agent, Life Science, 61, 343, 10.1016/S0024-3205(97)00092-1 Shamsuddin, 1995, Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits growth and induces differentiation of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells, Carcinogenesis, 16, 1975, 10.1093/carcin/16.8.1975 Shamsuddin, 1996, Novel anti-cancer functions of IP6: Growth inhibition and differentiation of human mammary cancer cell lines in vitro, Anticancer Research, 16, 3287 Shears, 1998, The versatility of inositol phosphates as cellular signals, Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1436, 49, 10.1016/S0005-2760(98)00131-3 Siener, 2001, Calcium-binding capacities of different brans under simulated gastrointestinal pH conditions. In vitro study with Ca-45, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 4397, 10.1021/jf010381f Simell, M., Turunen, M., Pironen, J., & Vaara, T. (1989). Feed and food applications of phytase. Lecture-3rd Meet. Industrial Applications of Enzymes, Barcelona (Spain). Singh, 2003, Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits growth, and induces G1 arrest and apoptotic death of prostate carcinoma DU145: Modulation of CDKI-CDK-cyclin and pRb-related protein-E2F complexes, Carcinogenesis, 24, 555, 10.1093/carcin/24.3.555 Singh, 1982, Inhibition of trypsin activity in vitro by phytate, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 30, 799, 10.1021/jf00112a049 Siren, M. (1986). New myo-inositol triphosphoric acid isomer. Pat. SW 052950. Skoglund, 1997, Determination of isomers of inositol mono- to hexaphosphates in selected foods and intestinal contents using high performance ion chromatography, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 431, 10.1021/jf9603238 Somasundar, 2005, Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6): A novel treatment for pancreatic cancer, Journal of Surgical Research, 126, 199, 10.1016/j.jss.2005.01.022 Suzuki, 1907, About the enzyme “phytase”, which splits “anhydro-oxy-methylene diphosphoric acid”, Bulletin of the College of Agriculture, Tokyo Imperial University, 7, 503 Svanberg, 1993, Lactic fermentation of non-tannin and high-tannin cereals: Effect on in vitro estimation of iron availability and phytate hydrolysis, Journal of Food Science, 58, 408, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1993.tb04286.x Takata, 1998, Homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining pathways of DNA double-strand break repair have overlapping roles in the maintenance of chromosomal integrity in vertebrate cells, The EMBO Journal, 17, 5497, 10.1093/emboj/17.18.5497 Thompson, 1993, Potential health benefits and problems associated with antinutrients in foods, Food Research International, 26, 131, 10.1016/0963-9969(93)90069-U Thompson, 1987, Phytic acid and calcium affect the in vitro rate of navy bean starch digestion and blood glucose response in humans, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 46, 467, 10.1093/ajcn/46.3.467 Thompson, 1991, Phytic acid and minerals: Effect on early markers of risk for mammary and colon carcinogenesis, Carcinogenesis, 12, 2041, 10.1093/carcin/12.11.2041 Thornton, 1981, High colonic pH promotes colorectal cancer, Lancet, 1, 1081, 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92244-3 Torre, 1991, Effects of dietary fibre and phytic acid on mineral bioavailability, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1, 1, 10.1080/10408399109527539 Tran, 2003, Effect of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) on AIDS neoplastic Kaposi’s sarcoma, iatrogenic Kaposi’s sarcoma and lymphoma, Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research, 44, 499 Ullah, 2002, Cloned and expressed fungal phyA gene in alfalfa produces a stable phytase, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, 290, 1343, 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6361 Ullah, 2003, Fungal phyA gene expressed in potato leaves produces active and stable phytase, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, 306, 603, 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)01002-7 Urbano, 2000, The role of phytic acid in legumes: Antinutrient or beneficial function, Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 56, 283, 10.1007/BF03179796 Viveros, 2000, Phytase and acid phosphatase activities in plant feedstuffs, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 4009, 10.1021/jf991126m Vohra, 2003, Phytases: Microbial sources, production, purification, and potential biotechnological applications, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 23, 29, 10.1080/713609297 Vohra, 2001, Phytase production by the yeast Pichia anomala, Biotechnology Letter, 238, 551, 10.1023/A:1010314114053 Vohra, 2002, Purification and characterisation of a thermostable and acid-stable phytase from Pichia anomala, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18, 687, 10.1023/A:1016850121719 Vucenik, 1998, Novel anticancer function of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6): Inhibition of human rhabdomyosarcoma in vitro and in vivo, Anticancer Research, 18, 1377 Vucenik, 1999, Antiplatelet activity of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), Anticancer Research, 19, 3689 Vucenik, 1993, Inhibition of rat mammary carcinogenesis by inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid). A pilot study, Cancer Letter, 75, 95, 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90193-D Vucenik, 2003, Cancer inhibition by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and inositol: From laboratory to clinic, Journal of Nutrition, 133, 3778S, 10.1093/jn/133.11.3778S Vucenik, 1998, IP6 treatment of liver cancer. I. IP6 inhibits growth and reverses transformed phenotype in HepG2 human liver cancer cell line, Anticancer Research, 18, 4083 Vucenik, 1992, Antitumour activity of phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate) in murine transplanted and metastatic fibrosarcoma, a pilot study, Cancer Letter, 65, 9, 10.1016/0304-3835(92)90206-B Vucenik, 1998, IP6 in treatment of liver cancer. II. Intra-tumoural injection of IP6 regresses pre-existing human liver cancer xenotransplanted in nude mice, Anticancer Research, 18, 4091 Walker, 1948, Studies in human mineral metabolism. 1. The effect of bread rich in phytate-phosphorus on the metabolism of certain mineral salts with special reference to calcium, Biochemical Journal, 42, 452, 10.1042/bj0420452 Weremko, 1997, Bioavailability of phosphorus in feeds of plant origin for pigs – Review, Asian-Australians Journal of Animal Sciences, 10, 551, 10.5713/ajas.1997.551 Wise, 1982, Blood lead levels after chronic feeding to mice of lead acetate with calcium phytate in the diet, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 29, 550, 10.1007/BF01669619 Wise, 1983, Dietary factors determining the biological activities of phytate, Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, 53, 791 Wyss, 1999, Biochemical characterisation of fungal phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase): Catalytic properties, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 367, 10.1128/AEM.65.2.367-373.1999 Yang, 1995, IP6-induced growth inhibition and differentiation of HT-29 human colon cancer cells: Involvement of intracellular inositol phosphates, Anticancer Research, 15, 2479 Yi, 1996, Improving phytate phosphorus availability in corn and soybean meal for broilers using microbial phytase and calculations of phosphorus equivalency values for phytase, Poultry Science, 75, 240, 10.3382/ps.0750240 Yoo, 2005, Dietary microbial phytase increased the phosphorus digestibility in juvenile Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli fed diets containing soybean meal, Aquaculture, 243, 315, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.10.025 Yoon, 1983, The effect of phytic acid on in vitro rate of starch digestibility and blood glucose response, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 38, 835, 10.1093/ajcn/38.6.835 York, 1999, A phospholipase C-dependent inositol polyphosphate kinase pathway required for efficient messenger RNA export, Science, 285, 96, 10.1126/science.285.5424.96 Zhang, 2005, Correlated responses to divergent selection for phytate phosphorus bioavailability in a randombred chicken population, Poultry Science, 84, 536, 10.1093/ps/84.4.536 Zi, 2000, Impairment of erbB1 receptor and fluid phase endocytosis and associated mitogenic signalling by inositol hexaphosphate in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells, Carcinogenesis, 21, 2225, 10.1093/carcin/21.12.2225