Giant synapses in the central auditory system
Tóm tắt
Giant synapses occur in four nuclei of the auditory brainstem. They are characterized by numerous active zones concentrated on the soma of the postsynaptic neuron and by rapid postsynaptic currents. At these sites, in the ventral cochlear nucleus, the medial and lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body and the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, faithful preservation of the temporal relation of action potentials to the sound—intercellular precision—is of the utmost importance for neuronal function. The precision of action potential transfer is supported by the largely unimodal integration and homogeneity of the single postsynaptic compartment. Due to the much more rapid time constant of the synaptic currents compared with the membrane time constant, membrane capacitance dominates postsynaptic integration, enhancing precision of action potential generation. Taken together, the properties of these giant synapses reduce the temporal jitter of the transmission of information in these auditory circuits.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ashida G, Carr CE (2011) Sound localization: Jeffress and beyond. Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:745–751
Bender KJ, Trussell LO (2012) The physiology of the axon initial segment. Annu Rev Neurosci 35:249–265
Berger C, Meyer EMM, Ammer JJ, Felmy F (2014) Large somatic synapses on neurons in the ventral lateral lemniscus work in pairs. J Neurosci 34:3237–3246
Fettiplace R, Hackney CM (2006) The sensory and motor roles of auditory hair cells. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:19–29
Goldberg JM, Brown PB (1969) Response of binaural neurons of dog superior olivary complex to dichotic tonal stimuli: some physiological mechanisms of sound localization. J Neurophysiol 32:613–636
Golding NL, Oertel D (2012) Synaptic integration in dendrites: exceptional need for speed. J Physiol 590:5563–5569
Grothe B, Pecka M, McAlpine D (2010) Mechanisms of sound localization in mammals. Physiol Rev 90:983–1012
Held H (1893) Die centrale Gehörleitung. Arch Anat Physiol A3+4:201–248
Kuenzel T, Borst JGG, Heijden M van der (2011) Factors controlling the input-output relationship of spherical bushy cells in the gerbil cochlear nucleus. J Neurosci 31:4260–4273
Lorteije JAM, Rusu SI, Kushmerick C, Borst JGG (2009) Reliability and precision of the mouse calyx of Held synapse. J Neurosci 29:13770–13784
McGinley MJ, Liberman MC, Bal R, Oertel D (2012) Generating synchrony from the asynchronous: compensation for cochlear traveling wave delays by the dendrites of individual brainstem neurons. J Neurosci 32:9301–9311
Myoga MH, Lehnert S, Leibold C et al (2014) Glycinergic inhibition tunes coincidence detection in the auditory brainstem. Nat Commun 5:3790
Oertel D, Bal R, Gardner SM et al (2000) Detection of synchrony in the activity of auditory nerve fibers by octopus cells of the mammalian cochlear nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:11773–11779
Oleskevich S, Youssoufian M, Walmsley B (2004) Presynaptic plasticity at two giant auditory synapses in normal and deaf mice. J Physiol 560:709–719
Rose JE, Brugge JF, Anderson DJ, Hind JE (1967) Phase-locked response to low-frequency tones in single auditory nerve fibers of the squirrel monkey. J Neurophysiol 30:769–793
Sätzler K, Söhl LF, Bollmann JH et al (2002) Three-dimensional reconstruction of a calyx of Held and its postsynaptic principal neuron in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. J Neurosci 22:10567–10579
Vonderschen K, Wagner H (2014) Detecting interaural time differences and remodeling their representation. Trends Neurosci 37:289–300