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I thank B. Menge M. Derr the AAAS staff (especially R. Nicholson and G. Seiler) and the editors of Science for their assistance. I am grateful to S. Arnold S. Carpenter T. Chapin G. Daily J. Diamond R. Dirzo D. Epel P. Farber V. Plocq Fichelet J. Gibbons B. Goldburg M. Green M. Hixon T. Janetos S. Jasanoff B. Johannes E. Kelley H. Kendall C. King J. Lash G. Likens M. Linn O. Loucks M. Mangel J. Maienscheim T. Malone B. McKay B. Miller H. Mooney W. Murdoch J. P. Myers R. Naiman R. Naylor R. Noss G. Omenn B. Paine J. Pastor A. Petsonk S. Pimm S. Postel W. Reid P. Risser C. Safina E. Sanford D. Simberloff B. Singer V. Spruill K. Shine C. Stimpson D. Suzuki D. Tilman P. Vitousek D. Wilcove and D. Zare for constructive comments on early drafts of this paper and to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation the Pew Charitable Trusts and NSF for funding support.