When misconduct goes unnoticed: The acceptability of gradual erosion in others’ unethical behavior

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology - Tập 45 Số 4 - Trang 708-719 - 2009
Francesca Gino1, Max H. Bazerman2
1Kenan-Flager Business School, University of North Carolina, Campus Box 3490, McColl Bld 4725, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, United States
2Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Baker Library 453, Soldiers Field Road, Boston, MA 02163, United States

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Allingham, 1972, Income tax evasion: A theoretical analysis, Journal of Public Economics, 1, 323, 10.1016/0047-2727(72)90010-2

Andrews, 1989, Ethics in practice, Harvard Business Review, 99

Ashforth, 2003, The normalization of corruption in organizations, Research in Organizational Behavior, 25, 1, 10.1016/S0191-3085(03)25001-2

Banaji, 2003, How (un)ethical are you?, Harvard Business Review, 81, 56

Bandura, 1999, Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities, Personality & Social Psychology Review, 3, 193, 10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3

Bargh, 1994, The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition, 1

Bassili, 1986, On the spontaneity of trait attribution: Converging evidence for the role of cognitive strategy, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 239, 10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.239

Bazerman, 2004, The social psychology of ordinary ethical failures, Social Justice Research, 17, 111, 10.1023/B:SORE.0000027544.56030.04

Bazerman, 1983, I won the auction but don’t want the prize, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27, 618, 10.1177/0022002783027004003

Becker, 1968, Crime and punishment: An economic approach, Journal of Political Economy, 76, 169, 10.1086/259394

Blair, 2001, Implicit stereotypes and prejudice

Brass, 1998, Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective, Academy of Management Review, 23, 14, 10.5465/amr.1998.192955

Brief, 2001, Collective corruption in the corporate world: Toward a process model, 471

Brief, 1991, Resolving ethical dilemmas in management: Experimental investigations of values, accountability and choice, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 68

Carr, 1968, Is business bluffing unethical?, Harvard Business Review, 46, 143

Chugh, 2005, Bounded ethicality as a psychological barrier to recognizing conflicts of interest, 74

Gellerman, 1986, Why ‘good’ managers make bad ethical choices, Harvard Business Review, 85

Greenberger, 1987, Oppositionists and group norms: The reciprocal influence of whistle-blowers and co-workers, Journal of Business Ethics, 6, 527, 10.1007/BF00383744

Greenwald, 1998, Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464, 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464

Gundlach, 2003, The decision to blow the whistle: A social information processing framework, Academy of Management Review, 28, 107, 10.5465/amr.2003.8925239

Hegarty, 1978, Some determinants of unethical behavior: An experiment, Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 451, 10.1037/0021-9010.63.4.451

Hill, 1969, Knowledge of peer success and risk of detection as determinants of cheating, Developmental Psychology, 1, 231, 10.1037/h0027330

Hosmer, 1987, The Institutionalization of unethical behavior, Journal of Business Ethics, 6, 439, 10.1007/BF00383286

Jones, 1991, Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue contingent model, Academy of Management Review, 16, 366, 10.5465/amr.1991.4278958

Kelman, 1989

Kern, 2009, Bounded ethicality: The perils of loss framing, Psychological Science, 20, 378, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02296.x

King, 1997, The effects of interpersonal closeness and issue seriousness on blowing the whistle, Journal of Business Communication, 34, 419, 10.1177/002194369703400406

Leming, 1980, Cheating behavior, subject variables, and components of the internal–external scale under high and low risk conditions, Journal of Educational Research, 74, 83, 10.1080/00220671.1980.10885288

Levitt, 2002

Longnecker, 1985, Management priorities and management ethics, Journal of Business Ethics, 4, 65, 10.1007/BF00382676

Messick, 1996, Ethics for the 21st century: A decision making approach, Sloan Management Review, 37, 9

Messick, 1985, Why we are fairer than others, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 480, 10.1016/0022-1031(85)90031-9

Miceli, 1991, Blowing the whistle on data fudging: A controlled field experiment, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 271, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00521.x

Miceli, 1992

Miceli, 1988, Individual and situational correlates of whistle-blowing, Personnel Psychology, 41, 267, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb02385.x

Miceli, 1984, The relationship among beliefs, organizational position, and whistle-blowing status: A discriminant analysis, Academy of Management Journal, 27, 687, 10.2307/255873

Miceli, 1991, Who blows the whistle and why?, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 45, 113, 10.1177/001979399104500108

Michaels, 1989, Applying theories of deviance to academic cheating, Social Science Quarterly, 70, 870

Milgram, 1974

Molander, 1987, A paradigm for design, promulgation and enforcement of ethical codes, Journal of Business Ethics, 6, 619, 10.1007/BF00705778

Mollenkamp, 1998

Moore, 2006, Conflicts of interest and the case of auditor independence: Moral seduction and strategic issue cycling, Academy of Management Review, 31, 10, 10.5465/amr.2006.19379621

Near, 1993, Explaining the whistle-blowing process: Suggestions from power theory and justice theory, Organization Science, 4, 393, 10.1287/orsc.4.3.393

Near, 1996, Whistle-blowing: Myth and reality, Journal of Management, 22, 507, 10.1177/014920639602200306

Near, 1995, Effective whistleblowing, Academy of Management Review, 20, 679, 10.2307/258791

Near, 1986, Retaliation against whistleblowers: Predictors and effects, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 137, 10.1037/0021-9010.71.1.137

Near, 1985, Organizational dissidence: The case of whistle-blowing, Journal of Business Ethics, 4, 1, 10.1007/BF00382668

Pennington, 1999, Accountability for consequential decisions: Justifying ethical judgments to audiences, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1067, 10.1177/01461672992512001

Pitt, 1986, Corruption in business—are management attitudes right?, Journal of Business Ethics, 5, 39, 10.1007/BF02116141

Reynolds, 2006, Moral awareness and ethical predispositions: Investigating the role of individual differences in the recognition of moral issues, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 233, 10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.233

Ross, 1979, Egocentric biases in availability and attribution, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 322, 10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.322

Sugarman, 1986, Active versus passive euthanasia: An attributional analysis, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 60, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb02278.x

Senge, 1994

Simons, 2000, Current approaches to change blindness, Visual Cognition, 7, 1, 10.1080/135062800394658

Sims, 1998, Predictors of external whistleblowing: Organizational and intrapersonal variables, Journal of Business Ethics, 17, 411, 10.1023/A:1005763807868

Spranca, 1991, Omission and commission in judgment and choice, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 76, 10.1016/0022-1031(91)90011-T

Steininger, 1964, Cheating on college examinations as a function of situationally aroused anxiety and hostility, Journal of Educational Psychology, 55, 317, 10.1037/h0042396

Taylor, 1989

Tenbrunsel, 1998, Misrepresentation and expectations of misrepresentation in an ethical dilemma: The role of incentives and temptation, Academy of Management Journal, 41, 330, 10.2307/256911

Tenbrunsel, 2004, Ethical fading: The role of self-deception in unethical behavior, Social Justice Research, 17, 223, 10.1023/B:SORE.0000027411.35832.53

Tetlock, 1992, The impact of accountability on judgment and choice: Toward a social contingency model, 331, 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60287-7

Tittle, 1973, Moral appeal, sanction threat and deviance: An experimental test, Social Problems, 20, 488, 10.2307/799710

Treviño, 1990, Bad apples in bad barrels: A causal analysis of ethical decision-making behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 378, 10.1037/0021-9010.75.4.378

Treviño, 2006, Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review, Journal of Management, 32, 951, 10.1177/0149206306294258

Tulving, 1982, Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 8, 336

Vitro, 1972, The effects of probability of test success, test importance, and risk of detection on the incidence of cheating, Journal of School Psychology, 10, 269, 10.1016/0022-4405(72)90062-3