A consensus on the classification of hydrocephalus: its utility in the assessment of abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 27 - Trang 1535-1541 - 2011
Harold L. Rekate1
1Department of Neurosurgery, The Chiari Institute, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ College of Medicine, Great Neck, USA

Tóm tắt

Between 2009 and 2011 an attempt has been made to develop a consensus on the classification of hydrocephalus. Clinicians and basic scientists who are recognized internationally for their work in hydrocephalus attended working meetings in which the concepts of classification of hydrocephalus were discussed at length. This review attempts to explain the relevance of a classification scheme based on the point of obstruction to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid to basic science research into the pathophysiology and effects of hydrocephalus. The review is designed to give examples of the value of this classification in analyzing research utilizing animal models. The development of hydrocephalus in the absence of a point of obstruction (true communicating hydrocephalus) is analyzed. Contemporary neuroimaging techniques are now available that can identify the actual point of obstruction to the flow of CSF, if any, which results in the development of hydrocephalus. Such identification may lead to improved ability to analyze animal models used in hydrocephalus research as well as deciding among various treatment options.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Pudenz RH (1981) The surgical treatment of hydrocephalus—an historical review. Surg Neurol 15:15–26 Dandy WE (1919) Fluoroscopy of the cerebral ventricles. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 30:29–33 Diseases of the central nervous system and sense organs. ICD-9-CM 9th revision. Eds. Hart AC, Stegman MS, Ford B, et al. Ingenix, 2010. 90 Raimondi AJ (1994) A unifying theory for the definition and classification of hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 10:2–12 Mori K (1995) Current concept of hydrocephalus: evolution of new classifications. Childs Nerv Sys 11(9):523–531 Beni-Adani L, Biani N, Ben-Sirah L, Constantini S (2006) The occurrence of obstructive vs absorptive hydrocephalus in newborns and infants: relevance to treatment choices. Childs Nerv Syst 22(12):1543–1563 Oi S, Di Rocco C (2006) Proposal of “evolution theory in cerebrospinal fluid dynamics” and minor pathway hydrocephalus in developing immature brain. Childs Nerv Syst 22(7):662–669 Rekate H (2000) Hydrocephalus: classification and pathophysiology. In: McLone D (ed) Pediatric neurosurgery: surgery of the developing nervous system, 4th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 253–295 Spertell RB (1980) The response of brain to transient elevations in intraventricular pressure. J Neurol Sci 48(3):343–352 Rekate HL (1994) The usefulness of mathematical modeling in hydrocephalus research. Childs Nerv Syst 10(1):13–18 Rekate HL, Brodkey JA, Chizeck HJ et al (1988) Ventricular volume regulation: a mathematical model and computer simulation. Pediatr Neurosci 14(2):77–84 Rekate HL (1989) Circuit diagram of the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Pediatr Neurosurg 21(4):248–252 Rekate HL (2008) The definition and classification of hydrocephalus: a personal recommendation to stimulate debate. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res 5(2):2 Rekate HL (1996) Cerebrospinal fluid circulation. In: Guthkelch AN, Misulis KE (eds) Scientific foundations of neurology. Blackwell, Cambridge, pp 323–336 Rekate HL, Nadkarni TD, Wallace D (2008) The importance of the cortical subarachnoid space in understanding hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2:1–11 Rekate HL, McCormick JM, Ko W (1990) Failure to demonstrate a brain transmissibility factor. In: Marlin AE (ed) Concepts in pediatric neurosurgery, 10th edn. Karger, Basel, pp 235–242 Rekate HL, Williams FC, Brodkey JA et al (1988) Resistance of the foramen of Monro. Pediatr Neurosci 14(2):85–89 Kaufman B, Weiss MH, Young HF, Nulsen FE (1973) Effects of prolonged cerebrospinal fluid shunting on the skull and brain. J Neurosurg 38(3):288–297 Linder M, Diehl JT, Sklar FA (1981) Significance of postshunt ventricular asymmetries. J Neurosurg 55(2):183–186 Oi S, Kudo H, Yamada H et al (1991) Hydromyelic hydrocephalus. Correlation of hydromyelia with various stages of hydrocephalus in postshunt isolated compartments. J Neurosurg 74(3):371–379 Di Rocco C, di Tripani G, Maira G, Bentvoglio M, Macchi G, Rossi GF (1977) Anatomo-clinical correlations in normotensive hydrocephalus. Reports on three cases. J Neurol Sci 33(3):437–452 Jellinger K (1976) Neuropathological aspects of dementias resulting from abnormal blood and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Acta Neurol Belg 76(2):83–102 Nagra G, Li J, McAllister JP, Miller J, Wagshul M, Johnston M (2008) Impaired lymphatic cerebrospinal fluid absorption in a rat model of kaolin-induced communicating hydrocephalus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294(5):R1752–R1759 Siomin V, Cinalli G, Grotenhuis A et al (2002) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in patients with cerebrospinal fluid infection and/or hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 97(3):519–524 Gangemi M, Maiuri F, Naddeo M et al (2008) Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: an Italian multicenter study. Neurosurgery 63(1):62–67 Karahalios DG, Rekate HL, Khayata MH, Apostolides PJ (1996) Elevated intracranial venous pressure as a universal mechanism in pseudotumor cerebri of varying etiologies. Neurology 46(1):198–202 McCormick JM, Yamada K, Rekate HL, Miyaki H (1992) Time course of intraventricular pressure change in a canine model of hydrocephalus: its relationship to sagittal sinus elastance. Pediatr Neurosurg 18(3):127–133 Olivero WC, Rekate HL, Chizeck HJ et al (1988) Relationship between intracranial and sagittal sinus pressure in normal and hydrocephalic dogs. Pediatr Neurosci 14(4):196–201 Olivero WC, Asner N (1992) Occlusion of the sagittal sinus in craniectomized rabbits. Childs Nerv Syst 8(6):307–309 Di Rocco C, di Tripani G, Pettorossi VE, Caldarelli M (1979) On the pathology of experimental hydrocephalus induced by artificial increase in endoventricular CSF pulse pressure. Childs Brain 5(2):81–95 Di Rocco C, Pettorossi VE, Caldarelli M, Mancinelli R, Velardi F (1977) Experimental hydrocephalus following mechanical increment of intraventricular pulse pressure. Experientia 33(11):1470–1472 Di Rocco C, Pettorossi VE, Caldarelli M, Mancinelli R, Velardi F (1978) Communicating hydrocephalus induced by mechanically increased amplitude of the intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid pressure: experimental studies. Exp Neurol 59(1):40–52 Rekate HL, Erwood S, Brodkey JA et al (1985) Etiology of ventriculomegaly in choroid plexus papilloma. Pediatr Neurosci 12(4–5):196–201