Reliability of quadriceps surface electromyography measurements is improved by two vs. single site recordings

Aagaard P, Simonsen EB, Andersen JL et al (2002) Neural adaptation to resistance training: changes in evoked V-wave and H-reflex responses. J Appl Physiol 92:2309–2318. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01185.2001 Albertus-Kajee Y, Tucker R, Derman W et al (2011) Alternative methods of normalising EMG during running. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 21:579–586. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.03.009 Ball N, Scurr J (2010) An assessment of the reliability and standardisation of tests used to elicit reference muscular actions for electromyographical normalisation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 20:81–88. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.09.004 Balshaw TG, Hunter AM (2012) Evaluation of electromyography normalisation methods for the back squat. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 22:308–319. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.11.009 Balshaw TG, Massey GJ, Maden-Wilkinson TM et al (2016) Training-specific functional, neural, and hypertrophic adaptations to explosive- vs. sustained-contraction strength training. J Appl Physiol 120:1364–1373. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2016 Birch L, Graven-Nielsen T, Christensen H, Arendt-Nielsen L (2000) Experimental muscle pain modulates muscle activity and work performance differently during high and low precision use of a computer mouse. Eur J Appl Physiol 83:492–498. doi:10.1007/s004210000320 Brandon R, Howatson G, Strachan F, Hunter AM (2014) Neuromuscular response differences to power vs strength back squat exercise in elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 25:630–639. doi:10.1111/sms.12289 Buckthorpe MW, Hannah R, Pain TG, Folland JP (2012) Reliability of neuromuscular measurements during explosive isometric contractions, with special reference to electromyography normalization techniques. Muscle Nerve 46:566–576. doi:10.1002/mus.23322 Buckthorpe M, Erskine RM, Fletcher G et al (2015) Task-specific neural adaptations to isoinertial resistance training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 25:640–649 Burden A (2010) How should we normalize electromyograms obtained from healthy participants? What we have learned from over 25years of research. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 20:1023–1035. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.07.004 Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M et al (2003) International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1381–1395. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB Cram JR, Rommen D (1989) Effects of skin preparation on data collected using an EMG muscle-scanning procedure. Biofeedback Self Regul 14:75–82 De Luca CJ (1997) The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. J Appl Biomech 13:135–163 De Luca CJ, Kuznetsov M, Gilmore LD, Roy SH (2012) Inter-electrode spacing of surface EMG sensors: reduction of crosstalk contamination during voluntary contractions. J Biomech 45:555–561. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.11.010 Farina D, Merletti R, Enoka RM (2014) The extraction of neural strategies from the surface EMG: an update. J Appl Physiol 117:1215–1230. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00162.2014 Fauth ML, Petushek EJ, Feldmann CR et al (2010) Reliability of Surface Electromyography During Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contractions, Jump Landings, and Cutting. J Strength Cond Res 24:1131–1137. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cc2353 Fimland MS, Helgerud J, Gruber M et al (2010) Enhanced neural drive after maximal strength training in multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Appl Physiol 110:435–443. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1519-2 Fry A, Folland JP (2014) Prolonged infrapatellar tendon vibration does not influence quadriceps maximal or explosive isometric force production in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 114:1757–1766. doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2904-z Gondin J, Guette M, Ballay Y, Martin A (2005) Electromyostimulation Training Effects on Neural Drive and Muscle Architecture. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:1291–1299. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000175090.49048.41 Haider G, Folland JP (2014) Nitrate supplementation enhances the contractile properties of human skeletal muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 46:2234–2243. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000351 Häkkinen K, Newton RU, Gordon SE et al (1998) Changes in muscle morphology, electromyographic activity, and force production characteristics during progressive strength training in young and older men. J Gerontol Ser A-Biol Sci. Med Sci 53:B415–B423 Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G (2000) Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 10:361–374 Higbie EJ, Cureton KJ, Warren GL, Prior BM (1996) Effects of concentric and eccentric training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation. J Appl Physiol 81:2173–2181 Hinkle DE, Wiersma W, Jurs SG (2002) Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 5 edn. Houghton Mifflin, Boston Huigen E, Peper A, Grimbergen CA (2002) Investigation into the origin of the noise of surface electrodes. Med Biol Eng Comput 40:332–338 MacDonald D, Moseley GL, Hodges PW (2009) Why do some patients keep hurting their back? Evidence of ongoing back muscle dysfunction during remission from recurrent back pain. Pain 142:183–188. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.12.002 Maffiuletti NA, Aagaard P, Blazevich AJ et al (2016) Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations. Eur J Appl Physiol 116:1091–1116. doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3346-6 Martin CL, Phillips BA, Kilpatrick TJ et al (2006) Gait and balance impairment in early multiple sclerosis in the absence of clinical disability. Mult Scler 12:620–628. doi:10.1177/1352458506070658 Mathur S, Eng JJ, MacIntyre DL (2005) Reliability of surface EMG during sustained contractions of the quadriceps. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 15:102–110. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2004.06.003 Nederhand MJ, Hermens HJ, IJzerman MJ et al (2002) Cervical muscle dysfunction in chronic whiplash-associated disorder grade 2: the relevance of the trauma. Spine 27:1056–1061 Perrin RN, Richards JD, Pentreath V, Percy DF (2011) Muscle fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and its response to a manual therapeutic approach: a pilot study. Int J Osteopath Med 14:96–105. doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2010.12.002 Place N, Maffiuletti NA, Martin A, Lepers R (2007) Assessment of the reliability of central and peripheral fatigue after sustained maximal voluntary contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Muscle Nerve 35:486–495. doi:10.1002/mus.20714 Rainoldi A, Melchiorri G, Caruso I (2004) A method for positioning electrodes during surface EMG recordings in lower limb muscles. J Neurosci Methods 134:37–43. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.014 Rash G, Quesada P (2006) Electromyography: fundamentals. In: Karwowski W (ed) International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors, 2nd edn. Boca Raton Rissanen S, Kankaanpää M, Tarvainen MP et al (2007) Analysis of surface EMG signal morphology in Parkinson’s disease. Physiol Meas 28:1507–1521. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/28/12/005 Rota S, Rogowski I, Champely S, Hautier C (2013) Reliability of EMG normalisation methods for upper-limb muscles. J Sport Sci 31:1696–1704. doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.796063 Rutkove S (2007) Introduction to volume conduction. In: Blum A, Rutkove S (eds) The clinical neurophysiology primer. Totowa, NJ, pp 43–53 Stepp CE (2012) Surface electromyography for speech and swallowing systems: measurement, analysis, and interpretation. J Speech Lang Hear Res 55:1232–1246. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2011/11-0214) Trulsson A, Miller M, Hansson G-Å et al (2015) Altered movement patterns and muscular activity during single and double leg squats in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament injury. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 16:28. doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0472-y Yang JF, Winter DA (1983) Electromyography reliability in maximal and submaximal isometric contractions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 64:417–420