Value-added uses for crude glycerol--a byproduct of biodiesel production

Biodiesel 2020: Global Market Survey, Feedstock Trends and Forecasts. Emerging Markets Online. 2008, Multi-Client Study, [http://www.healthtech.com/biodiesel2020]2 Anand P, Saxena RK: A comparative study of solvent-assisted pretreatment of biodiesel derived crude glycerol on growth and 1,3-propanediol production from Citrobacter freundi. New Biotechnol. 2011, 00: 1-7. Kerr BJ, Dozier WA, Bregendahl K: Nutritional value of crude glycerin for nonruminants. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Carolina Swine Nutrition Conference. 2007, Raleigh, NC, 6-18. Hansen CF, Hernandez A, Mullan BP, Moore K, Trezona-Murray M, King RH, Pluske JR: A chemical analysis of samples of crude glycerol from the production of biodiesel in Australia, and the effects of feeding crude glycerol to growing-finishing pigs on performance, plasma metabolites and meat quality at slaughter. Anim Prod Sci. 2009, 49: 154-161. 10.1071/EA08210. Asad-ur-Rehman , Saman WRG, Nomura N, Sato S, Matsumura M: Pre-treatment and utilization of raw glycerol from sunflower oil biodiesel for growth and 1, 3-propanediol production by Clostridium butyricum. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2008, 83: 1072-1080. Mu Y, Teng H, Zhang DJ, Wang W, Xiu ZL: Microbial production of 1, 3-propanediol by Klebsiella pneumonia using crude glycerol from biodiesel preparations. Biotechnol Lett. 2006, 28: 1755-1759. 10.1007/s10529-006-9154-z. Lancrenon X, Fedders J: An innovation in glycerin purification. Biodiesel Magazine. [http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/2388/an-innovation-in-glycerin-purification] Pagliaro M, Rossi M: The future of glycerol: new uses of a versatile raw material. R Soc Chem (Great Britain). 2008, 117- Nilles D: Combating the Glycerin Glut. 2006. [http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/article.jsp?article_id=1123&q=&page=2] Fisher LJ, Erfle JD, Lodge GA, Sauer FD: Effects of propylene glycol or glycerol supplementation of the diet of dairy cows on feed intake, milk yield and composition, and incidence of ketosis. Can J Anim Sci. 1973, 53: 289-296. 10.4141/cjas73-045. Dasari M: Crude glycerol potential described. Feedstuffs. 2007, 79: 1-3. Lammers PJ, Kerr BJ, Weber TE, Dozier WA, Kidd MT, Bregendahl K, Honeyman MS: Digestible and metabolizable energy of crude glycerol for growing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2008, 86: 602-608. Lammers PJ, Kerr BJ, Honeyman MS, Stalder K, Dozier WA, Weber TE, Kidd MT, Bregendahl K: Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy value of crude glycerol for laying hens. Poult Sci. 2008, 87: 104-107. 10.3382/ps.2007-00255. Dozier WA, Kerr BJ, Corzo A, Kidd MT, Weber TE, Bregendahl K: Apparent metabolizable energy of glycerin for broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2008, 87: 317-322. 10.3382/ps.2007-00309. Kerr BJ, Weber TE, Dozier WA, Kidd MT: Digestible and metabolizable energy content of crude glycerin originating from different sources in nursery pigs. J Anim Sci. 2009, 87: 4042-4049. 10.2527/jas.2008-1676. Kijora C, Kupsch RD: Evaluation of technical glycerols from Biodiesel production as a feed component in fattening of pigs. Fett/Lipid. 1996, 98: 240-245. 10.1002/lipi.19960980703. Schieck SJ, Shurson GC, Kerr BJ, Johnston LJ: Evaluation of glycerol, a biodiesel coproduct, in grow-finish pig diets to support growth and pork quality. J Anim Sci. 2010, 88: 3927-3935. 10.2527/jas.2010-2858. Shields MC, Heugten EV, Lin X, Odle J, Stark CS: Evaluation of the nutritional value of glycerol for nursery pigs. J Anim Sci. 2011, 89: 2145-2153. 10.2527/jas.2010-3558. Schieck SJ, Kerr BJ, Baidoo SK, Shurson GC, Johnston LJ: Use of crude glycerol, a biodiesel coproduct, in diets for lactating sows. J Anim Sci. 2010, 88: 2648-2656. 10.2527/jas.2009-2609. Swiatkiewicz S, Koreleski J: Effect of crude glycerin level in the diet of laying hens on egg performance and nutrient utilization. Poult Sci. 2009, 88: 615-619. 10.3382/ps.2008-00303. McLea L, Ball MEE, Kilpatrick D, Elliott C: The effect of glycerol inclusion on broiler performance and nutrient digestibility. Br Poult Sci. 2011, 52: 368-375. 10.1080/00071668.2011.584520. Cerrate S, Yan F, Wang Z, Coto C, Sacakli P, Waldroup PW: Evaluation of glycerine from biodiesel production as a feed ingredient for broilers. Int J Poult Sci. 2006, 5: 1001-1007. Gunn PJ, Neary MK, Lemenager RP, Lake SL: Effects of crude glycerin on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing wether lambs. J Anim Sci. 2010, 88: 1771-1776. 10.2527/jas.2009-2325. Hampy KR, Kellogg DW, Coffey KP, Kegley EB, Caldwell JD, Lee MS, Akins MS, Reynolds JL, Moore JC, Southern KD: Glycerol as a Supplemental Energy Source for Meat Goats. AAES Research Series. 2008, 553: 63-64. Donkin SS: Glycerol from biodiesel production: the new corn for dairy cattle. Rev Bras Zootec. 2008, 37: 280-286. 10.1590/S1516-35982008001300032. Donkin SS, Koser SL, White HM, Doane PH, Cecava MJ: Feeding value of glycerol as a replacement for corn grain in rations fed to lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2009, 92: 5111-5119. 10.3168/jds.2009-2201. Parsons GL, Shelor MK, Drouillard JS: Performance and carcass traits of finishing heifers fed crude glycerin. J Anim Sci. 2009, 87: 653-657. Cecava M, Doane P, Holzgraefe D: Application of Crude Glycerin for Improved Livestock Production. US Patent Appl. 2008, published 10/23/2008, /0260896 A1 Oh BR, Seo JW, Choi MH, Kim CH: Optimization of culture conditions for 1, 3-propanediol production from crude glycerol by Klebsiella pneumonia using response surface methodology. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng. 2008, 13: 666-670. 10.1007/s12257-008-0090-8. Hiremath A, Kannabiran M, Rangaswamy V: 1, 3-Propanediol production from crude glycerol from jatropha biodiesel process. New Biotechnol. 2011, 28: 19-23. 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.06.006. Mu Y, Xiu ZL, Zhang DJ: A combined bioprocess of biodiesel production by lipase with microbial production of 1, 3-propanediol by Klebsiella pneumonia. Biochem Eng J. 2008, 40: 537-541. 10.1016/j.bej.2008.02.011. González-Pajuelo M, Andrade JC, Vasconcelos I: Production of 1, 3-propanediol by Clostridium butyricu VPI 3266 using a synthetic medium and raw glycerol. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004, 31: 442-446. 10.1007/s10295-004-0168-z. Papanikolaou S, Aggelis G: Modelling aspects of the biotechnological valorization of raw glycerol: production of citric acid by Yarrowia lipolytic and 1, 3-propanediol by Clostridium butyricu. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2003, 78: 542-547. 10.1002/jctb.831. Papanikolaou S, Fakas S, Fick M, Chevalot I, Galiotou-Panayotou M, Komaitis M, Marc I, Aggelis G: Biotechnological valorisation of raw glycerol discharged after bio-diesel (fatty acid methyl esters) manufacturing process: Production of 1, 3-propanediol, citric acid and single cell oil. Biomass Bioenergy. 2008, 32: 60-71. 10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.06.007. Chatzifragkou A, Papanikolaou S, Dietz D, Doulgeraki AI, Nychas GJE, Zeng AP: Production of 1, 3-propanediol by Clostridium butyricu growing on biodiesel-derived crude glycerol through a non-sterilized fermentation process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011, 91: 101-112. 10.1007/s00253-011-3247-x. Liu S, Rebros M, Stephens G, Marr AC: Adding value to renewables: a one pot process combining microbial cells and hydrogen transfer catalysis to utilise waste glycerol from biodiesel production. Chem Commun. 2009, 17: 2308-2310. Chatzifragkou A, Dietz D, Komaitis M, Zeng AP, Papanikolaou S: Effect of Biodiesel-Derived Waste Glycerol Impurities on Biomass and 1,3-Propanediol Production of Clostridium butyricu VPI 1718. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2010, 107: 76-84. 10.1002/bit.22767. Papanikolaou S, Aggelis G: Biotechnological valorization of biodiesel derived glycerol waste through production of single cell oil and citric acid by Yarrowia lipolytic. Lipid Technol. 2009, 21: 83-87. 10.1002/lite.200900017. Rywińska A, Rymowicz W, Żlarowska B: Biosynthesis of Citric Acid from Glycerol by Acetate Mutants of Yarrowia lipolytic in Fed-Batch Fermentation. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2009, 47: 1-6. Rymowicz W, Rywińska A, Gladkowski W: Simultaneous production of citric acid and erythritol from crude glycerol by Yarrowia lipolytic Wratislavia K1. Chem Pap. 2008, 62: 239-246. 10.2478/s11696-008-0018-y. Rymowicz W, Rywińska A, Marcinkiewicz M: High-yield production of erythritol from raw glycerol in fed-batch cultures of Yarrowia lipolytic. Biotechnol Lett. 2009, 31: 377-380. 10.1007/s10529-008-9884-1. Papanikolaou S, Muniglia L, Chevalot I, Aggelis G, Marc I: Yarrowia lipolytic as a potential producer of citric acid from raw glycerol. J Appl Microbiol. 2002, 92: 737-744. 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01577.x. Kamzolova SV, Fatykhova AR, Dedyukhina EG, Anastassiadis SG, Golovchenko NP, Morgunov IG: Citric Acid Production by Yeast Grown on Glycerol-Containing Waste from Biodiesel Industry. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2011, 49: 65-74. Sabourin-Provost G, Hallenbeck PC: High yield conversion of a crude glycerol fraction from biodiesel production to hydrogen by photofermentation. Bioresour Technol. 2009, 100: 3513-3517. 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.027. Ito T, Nakashimada Y, Senba K, Matsui T, Nishio N: Hydrogen and ethanol production from glycerol-containing wastes discharged after biodiesel manufacturing process. J Biosci Bioeng. 2005, 100: 260-265. 10.1263/jbb.100.260. Jitrwung R, Yargeau V: Optimization of media composition for the production of biohydrogen from waste glycerol. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2011, 36: 9602-9611. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.05.092. Choi WJ, Hartono MR, Chan WH, Yeo SS: Ethanol production from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol by newly isolated Kluyvera cryocrescen. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011, 89: 1255-1264. 10.1007/s00253-010-3076-3. Oh BR, Seo JW, Heo SY, Hong WK, Luo LH, Joe M, Park DH, Kim CH: Efficient production of ethanol from crude glycerol by a Klebsiella pneumonia mutant strain. Bioresour Technol. 2011, 102: 3918-3922. 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.007. Fountoulakis MS, Manios T: Enhanced methane and hydrogen production from municipal solid waste and agro-industrial by-products co-digested with crude glycerol. Bioresour Technol. 2009, 100: 3043-3047. 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.016. Fountoulakis MS, Petousi I, Manios T: Co-digestion of sewage sludge with glycerol to boost biogas production. Waste Manage. 2010, 30: 1849-1853. 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.04.011. López JÁS, Santos MDM, Pérez AFC, Martín AM: Anaerobic digestion of glycerol derived from biodiesel manufacturing. Bioresour Technol. 2009, 100: 5609-5615. 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.017. Ashby RD, Solaiman DKY, Foglia TA: Bacterial poly (hydroxyalkanoate) polymer production from the biodiesel co-product stream. J Polym Environ. 2004, 12: 105-112. Mothes G, Schnorpfeil C, Ackermann JU: Production of PHB from crude glycerol. Eng Life Sci. 2007, 7: 475-479. 10.1002/elsc.200620210. Cavalheiro JMBT, De Almeida M, Grandfils C, Da Fonseca M: Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) production by Cupriavidus necato using waste glycerol. Process Biochem. 2009, 44: 509-515. 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.01.008. Ibrahim MHA, Steinbüchel A: Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) Production from Glycerol by Zobellella denitrifican MW1 via High-Cell-Density Fed-Batch Fermentation and Simplified Solvent Extraction. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009, 75: 6222-6231. 10.1128/AEM.01162-09. Dobroth ZT, Hu S, Coats ER, McDonald AG: Polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis on biodiesel wastewater using mixed microbial consortia. Bioresour Technol. 2011, 102: 3352-3359. 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.053. Ashby RD, Solaiman DKY, Strahan GD: Efficient Utilization of Crude Glycerol as Fermentation Substrate in the Synthesis of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Biopolymers. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 2011, 88: 949-959. 10.1007/s11746-011-1755-6. Chi Z, Pyle D, Wen Z, Frear C, Chen S: A laboratory study of producing docosahexaenoic acid from biodiesel-waste glycerol by microalgal fermentation. Process Biochem. 2007, 42: 1537-1545. 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.08.008. Pyle DJ, Garcia RA, Wen Z: Producing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich algae from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol: effects of impurities on DHA production and algal biomass composition. J Agric Food Chem. 2008, 56: 3933-3939. 10.1021/jf800602s. Athalye SK, Garcia RA, Wen ZY: Use of Biodiesel-Derived Crude Glycerol for Producing Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) by the Fungus Pythium irregular. J Agric Food Chem. 2009, 57: 2739-2744. 10.1021/jf803922w. Ethier S, Woisard K, Vaughan D, Wen ZY: Continuous culture of the microalgae Schizochytrium limacinu on biodiesel-derived crude glycerol for producing docosahexaenoic acid. Bioresour Technol. 2011, 102: 88-93. 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.021. Liang YN, Sarkany N, Cui Y, Blackburn JW: Batch stage study of lipid production from crude glycerol derived from yellow grease or animal fats through microalgal fermentation. Bioresour Technol. 2010, 101: 6745-6750. 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.087. Liang YN, Cui Y, Trushenski J, Blackburn JW: Converting crude glycerol derived from yellow grease to lipids through yeast fermentation. Bioresour Technol. 2010, 101: 7581-7586. 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.061. Saenge C, Cheirsilp B, Suksaroge TT, Bourtoom T: Potential use of oleaginous red yeast Rhodotorula glutini for the bioconversion of crude glycerol from biodiesel plant to lipids and carotenoids. Process Biochem. 2011, 46: 210-218. 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.08.009. O'Grady J, Morgan JA: Heterotrophic growth and lipid production of Chlorella protothecoide on glycerol. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2011, 34: 121-125. 10.1007/s00449-010-0474-y. Chen YH, Walker TH: Biomass and lipid production of heterotrophic microalgae Chlorella protothecoide by using biodiesel-derived crude glycerol. Biotechnol Lett. 2011, 33: 1973-1983. 10.1007/s10529-011-0672-y. Chatzifragkou A, Makri A, Belka A, Bellou S, Mavrou M, Mastoridou M, Mystrioti P, Onjaro G, Aggelis G, Papanikolaou S: Biotechnological conversions of biodiesel derived waste glycerol by yeast and fungal species. Energy. 2011, 36: 1097-1108. 10.1016/j.energy.2010.11.040. Scholten E, Renz T, Thomas J: Continuous cultivation approach for fermentative succinic acid production from crude glycerol by Basfia succiniciproducen DD1. Biotechnol Let. 2009, 31: 1947-1951. 10.1007/s10529-009-0104-4. Vlysidis A, Binns M, Webb C, Theodoropoulos C: A techno-economic analysis of biodiesel biorefineries: Assessment of integrated designs for the co-production of fuels and chemicals. Energy. 2011, 36: 4671-4683. 10.1016/j.energy.2011.04.046. Tang S, Boehme L, Lam H, Zhang Z: Pichia pastori fermentation for phytase production using crude glycerol from biodiesel production as the sole carbon source. Biochem Eng J. 2009, 43: 157-162. 10.1016/j.bej.2008.09.020. Taconi KA, Venkataramanan KP, Johnson DT: Growth and solvent production by Clostridium pasteurianu ATCC® 6013™ utilizing biodiesel-derived crude glycerol as the sole carbon source. Environ Prog Sustainable Energy. 2009, 28: 100-110. 10.1002/ep.10350. Çelik E, Ozbay N, Oktar N, Çalik P: Use of biodiesel byproduct crude glycerol as the carbon source for fermentation processes by recombinant Pichia pastori. Ind Eng Chem Fundam. 2008, 47: 2985-2990. Carreira P, Mendes JAS, Trovatti E, Serafim LS, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Neto CP: Utilization of residues from agro-forest industries in the production of high value bacterial cellulose. Bioresour Technol. 2011, 102: 7354-7360. 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.04.081. Habe H, Shimada Y, Fukuoka T, Kitamoto D, Itagaki M, Watanabe K, Yanagishita H, Sakaki K: Production of glyceric acid by Gluconobacte sp NBRC3259 using raw glycerol. Biosci, Biotechnol, Biochem. 2009, 73: 1799-1805. 10.1271/bbb.90163. Volpato G, Rodrigues RC, Heck JX, Ayub MAZ: Production of organic solvent tolerant lipase by Staphylococcus caseolyticu EX17 using raw glycerol as substrate. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2008, 83: 821-828. 10.1002/jctb.1875. Liu Y, Koh CMJ, Ji L: Bioconversion of crude glycerol to glycolipids in Ustilago maydi. Bioresour Technol. 2011, 102: 3927-3933. 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.115. Nitayavardhana S, Khanal SK: Biodiesel-derived crude glycerol bioconversion to animal feed: A sustainable option for a biodiesel refinery. Bioresour Technol. 2011, 102: 5808-5814. 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.058. García E, Laca M, Pérez E, Garrido A, Peinado J: New Class of Acetal Derived from Glycerin as a Biodiesel Fuel Component. Energy Fuels. 2008, 22: 4274-4280. 10.1021/ef800477m. Sereshki BR, Balan SJ, Patience GS, Dubois JL: Reactive Vaporization of Crude Glycerol in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2010, 49: 1050-1056. 10.1021/ie9006968. Slinn M, Kendall K, Mallo C, Andrews J: Steam reforming of biodiesel by-product to make renewable hydrogen. Bioresour Technol. 2008, 99: 5851-5858. 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.10.003. Yoon SJ, Choi Y, Son Y, Lee SH, Lee JG: Gasification of biodiesel by-product with air or oxygen to make syngas. Bioresour Technol. 2010, 101: 1227-1232. 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.039. Dou B, Dupont V, Williams PT, Chen H, Ding Y: Thermogravimetric kinetics of crude glycerol. Bioresour Technol. 2009, 100: 2613-2620. 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.037. Dou B, Rickett GL, Dupont V, Williams PT, Chen H, Ding Y: Steam reforming of crude glycerol with in situ CO2 sorption. Bioresour Technol. 2010, 101: 2436-2442. 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.092. Onwudili JA, Williams PT: Hydrothermal reforming of bio-diesel plant waste: Products distribution and characterization. Fuel. 2010, 89: 501-509. 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.06.033. Wei L, Pordesimo LO, Haryanto A, Wooten J: Co-gasification of hardwood chips and crude glycerol in a pilot scale downdraft gasifier. Bioresour Technol. 2011, 102: 6266-6272. 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.109. Chetpattananondh P, Tongurai C: Synthesis of high purity monoglycerides from crude glycerol and palm stearin. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2008, 30: 515-521. Echeverri DA, Cardeno F, Rios LA: Glycerolysis of Soybean Oil with Crude Glycerol Containing Residual Alkaline Catalysts from Biodiesel Production. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 2011, 88: 551-557. 10.1007/s11746-010-1688-5. Sun F, Chen H: Organosolv pretreatment by crude glycerol from oleochemicals industry for enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw. Bioresour Technol. 2008, 99: 5474-5479. 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.001. Wolfson A, Litvak G, Dlugy C, Shotland Y, Tavor D: Employing crude glycerol from biodiesel production as an alternative green reaction medium. Ind Crops Prod. 2009, 30: 78-81. 10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.01.008. Bodík I, BlŠťáková A, Sedláček S, Hutnan M: Biodiesel waste as source of organic carbon for municipal WWTP denitrification. Bioresour Technol. 2009, 100: 2452-2456. 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.050. Feng Y, Yang Q, Wang X, Liu Y, Lee H, Ren N: Treatment of biodiesel production wastes with simultaneous electricity generation using a single-chamber microbial fuel cell. Bioresour Technol. 2011, 102: 411-415. 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.059. Xiu S, Shahbazi A, Shirley V, Mims MR, Wallace CW: Effectiveness and mechanisms of crude glycerol on the biofuel production from swine manure through hydrothermal pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2010, 87: 194-198. 10.1016/j.jaap.2009.12.002. Xiu SN, Shahbazi A, Wallace CW, Wang L, Cheng D: Enhanced bio-oil production from swine manure co-liquefaction with crude glycerol. Energy Convers Manage. 2011, 52: 1004-1009. 10.1016/j.enconman.2010.08.028.