On why hypocrisy thrives: Reasonable doubt created by moral posturing can deter punishment

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology - Tập 59 - Trang 139-145 - 2015
Jan-Erik Lönnqvist1, Rainer Michael Rilke2, Gari Walkowitz2
1University of Helsinki, Swedish School of Social Science, Snellmaninkatu 12, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
2University of Cologne, Department of Corporate Development and Business Ethics, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alicke, 2000, Culpable control and the psychology of blame, Psychological Bulletin, 126, 556, 10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.556 Ambrus, 2012, Imperfect public monitoring with costly punishment: An experimental study, The American Economic Review, 102, 3317, 10.1257/aer.102.7.3317 Axelrod, 1984 Barclay, 2007, Partner choice creates competitive altruism in humans, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 274, 749, 10.1098/rspb.2006.0209 Bartlett, 2006, Gratitude and prosocial behavior helping when it costs you, Psychological Science, 17, 319, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01705.x Batson, 2011, What’s wrong with morality?, Emotion Review, 3, 230, 10.1177/1754073911402380 Batson, 2014, Are the “Principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortune of others”, moral?, 43 Batson, 1997, In a very different voice: Unmasking moral hypocrisy, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1335, 10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1335 Batson, 2002, Moral hypocrisy: Addressing some alternatives, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 330, 10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.330 Batson, 1999, Moral hypocrisy: Appearing moral to oneself without being so, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 525, 10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.525 Bazerman, 2004, The social psychology of ordinary ethical failures, Social Justice Research, 17, 111, 10.1023/B:SORE.0000027544.56030.04 Bendor, 1991, When in doubt… Cooperation in a noisy prisoner's dilemma, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35, 691, 10.1177/0022002791035004007 Bendor, 2001, The evolution of norms, American Journal of Sociology, 106, 1493, 10.1086/321298 Bolton, 2005, Fair procedures: Evidence from games involving lotteries, The Economic Journal, 115, 1054, 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2005.01032.x Bolton, 1995, Anonymity versus punishment in ultimatum bargaining, Games and Economic Behavior, 10, 95, 10.1006/game.1995.1026 Brandts, 2003, Truth or consequences: An experiment, Management Science, 49, 116, 10.1287/mnsc.49.1.116.12755 Brandts, 2011, The strategy versus the direct-response method: A first survey of experimental comparisons, Experimental Economics, 14, 375, 10.1007/s10683-011-9272-x Buhrmester, 2011, Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data?, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3, 10.1177/1745691610393980 Dana, 2006, What you don't know won't hurt me: Costly (but quiet) exit in dictator games, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100, 193, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.10.001 Dana, 2007, Exploiting moral wiggle room: Experiments demonstrating an illusory preference for fairness, Economic Theory, 33, 67, 10.1007/s00199-006-0153-z Finkel, 2001 Fischbacher, 2007, z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for ready-made economic experiments, Experimental Economics, 10, 171, 10.1007/s10683-006-9159-4 Fischbacher, 2009, Fairness, errors and the power of competition, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 72, 527, 10.1016/j.jebo.2009.05.021 Forgas, 2008, On being happy and gullible: Mood effects on skepticism and the detection of deception, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1362, 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.010 Grechenig, 2010, Punishment despite reasonable doubt—A public goods experiment with sanctions under uncertainty, Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 7, 847, 10.1111/j.1740-1461.2010.01197.x Greiner, 2004, An online recruitment system for economic experiments, 79 Güth, 1982, An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 3, 367, 10.1016/0167-2681(82)90011-7 Hoenig, 2001, The abuse of power: The pervasive fallacy of power calculations for data analysis, American Statistician, 55, 19, 10.1198/000313001300339897 Koehler, 2003, Betrayal aversion: When agents of protection become agents of harm, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90, 244, 10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00518-6 Kühberger, 2002, Framing decisions: Hypothetical and real, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 1162, 10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00021-3 Kurzban, 2012 Lehmann, 1975 Lönnqvist, 2014, Moral hypocrisy: Self-deception or impression management?, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 53, 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.06.004 Monin, 2007, Holier than me? Threatening social comparison in the moral domain, International Review of Social Psychology, 20, 53 Panchanathan, 2004, Indirect reciprocity can stabilize cooperation without the second-order free rider problem, Nature, 432, 499, 10.1038/nature02978 Paolacci, 2010, Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk, Judgment and Decision Making, 5, 411, 10.1017/S1930297500002205 Powell, 2013, Schadenfreude caused by the exposure of hypocrisy in others, Self and Identity, 12, 413, 10.1080/15298868.2012.687013 Roth, 1995, Bargaining experiments Selten, 1967, Die Strategiemethode zur Erforschung des eingeschränkt rationalen Verhaltens im Rahmen eines Oligopolexperiments, 136 Shalvi, 2011, Justified ethicality: Observing desired counterfactuals modifies ethical perceptions and behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115, 181, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.02.001 Shapiro, 1991 Shaw, 2014, Children develop a veil of fairness, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 363, 10.1037/a0031247 Siegel, 1988 Tyler, 2006, The price of deceptive behavior: Disliking and lying to people who lie to us, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 69, 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.02.003 Wheatley, 2005, Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe, Psychological Science, 16, 780, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01614.x Zhong, 2010, Good lamps are the best police: Darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior, Psychological Science, 21, 311, 10.1177/0956797609360754