Spinal Taenia solium cysticercosis in Mexican and Indian patients: a comparison of 30-year experience in two neurological referral centers and review of literature

European Spine Journal - Tập 25 - Trang 1073-1081 - 2015
Graciela Cárdenas1,2, Erik Guevara-Silva1, Felipe Romero1, Yair Ugalde1, Cecilia Bonnet3, Agnes Fleury4, Edda Sciutto4, Caris Maroni Nunes5, José Luis Soto-Hernández1, Susarla Krishna Shankar6, Anita Mahadevan6
1Department of Neuroinfectology, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
2Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico, Mexico
3Department of Neurology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
4Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
5Universidade Estadual Paulista, Arçatuba, Brazil
6National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India

Tóm tắt

To present a retrospective study from patients with spinal cysticercosis (SC), diagnosed within the last 30 years in Mexican and Indian neurological referral centers. This is a retrospective and comparative study of the clinical and radiological profile between Mexican and Indian patients with spinal neurocysticercosis during a 30-year period and a review of the literature during the same period. Twenty-seven SC patients were included: 19 from Mexico and 8 from India. SC presented predominantly with motor symptoms (21/27 patients): paraparesis and paraplegia were the most common signs; one-third of patients presented sphincter dysfunction. Imaging studies showed that parasites in vesicular stage were more frequent in patients from Mexico, while degenerative stages predominated in India. Association of subarachnoid cysticerci and hydrocephalus was observed only in Mexican patients. Despite the limitations of this study, the collected information supports the existence of differences in the clinical and radiological traits of SC patients between Asian and Latin-American hospitals. The possible biological factors that may underlie these differences are discussed.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Fleury A, Moreno García J, Valdez Aguerrebere P, de Sayve Durán M, Becerril Rodriguez P, Larralde C, Sciutto E (2010) Neurocysticercosis, a persisting health problem in Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e805 Prasad KN, Prasad A, Verma A, Sing AK (2008) Human neurocysticercosis and India Scenario: a review. J Biosci 33:571–582 Maudlin I, Eisler MC, Welburn SN (2009) Neglected and endemic zoonoses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364:2777–2787 Carydakis C, Baulac M, LaPlane Philippon J (1984) Pure spinal cysticercosis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 140:590–593 Minoli L, Senaldi G, Malfitano M, Marone P, Bussone G (1985) Spinal cysticercosis: a case report and its treatment with praziquantel. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 64:343–344 Dietemann JL, Gentile A, Dosch JC, Babin E, Burguet JL, Grosse A, Keller F, Bouian F, Wackenheim A (1985) Radiological aspects of cerebral and spinal cysticercosis. Apropos of two cases. J Radiol 66:143–149 Kim KS, Weinberg PE (1985) Spinal cysticercosis. Surg Neurol 24:80–82 Savoiardo M, Cimino C, Passerini A, La Mantia L (1986) Mobile myelographic filling defects: spinal cysticercosis. Neuroradiology 28:166–169 Singh G (1997) Neurocysticercosis in South Central America and the Indian subcontinent. A comparative evaluation. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 55:349–356 Varma A, Gaur KJ (2002) The clinical spectrum of neurocysticercosis in the Uttaranchal region. J Assoc Physicians India 50:1398–1400 Fleury A, Sciutto E, Larralde C (2012) Neurocysticercosis is still prevalent in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 54:632–636 Sharma BS, Banerjee AK, Kak VK (1987) Intramedullary spinal cysticercosis. Case report and review of literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 89:111–116 Gaur V, Gupta RK, Dev R, Kathuria MK, Husain M (2000) MR imaging of intramedullary spinal cysticercosis: a report of two cases. Clin Radiol 89:311–314 Alsina GA, Johnson JP, McBride DQ, Rhoten PR, Mehringer CM, Stokes JK (2002) Spinal neurocysticercosis. Neurosurg Focus 12:e8 Holtzman RN, Hughes JE, Sachdev RK, Jarenwattananon A (1986) Intramedullary cysticercosis. Surg Neurol 26:187–191 Venkataramana NK, Jain VK, Das BS, Rao TV (1989) Intramedullary cysticercosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1989(91):337–341 Garg RK, Nag D (1998) Intramedullary spinal cysticercosis: response to albendazole: case reports and review of literature. Spinal Cord 36:67–70 Paterakis KN, Kapsalaki E, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Barbanis S, Fezoulidis I, Kourtopoulos H (2007) Primary spinal intradural extramedullary cysticercosis. Surg Neurol 68:309–311 Zee CS, Segall HD, Ahmadi J, Tsai FY, Apuzzo M (1986) CT myelography in spinal cysticercosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1:195–198 Parker F, Hladky JP, Breton JO, Mignard C, Laporte JP, Bousquet C (1988) Racemous cysticercosis of the cauda equine and cystic arachnoiditis. Apropos of two cases. Neurochirurgie 34:280–285 Castillo M, Quencer RM, Post MJ (1988) MR of intramedullary spinal cysticercosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 9:393–395 Vlok GJ, Wells MC (1988) Vertebral cysticercosis. A case report. S Afr Med J 73:730–731 Zee CS, Segall HD, Boswell W, Ahmadi J, Nelson M, Colletti P (1988) MR imaging of neurocysticercosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12:927–934 Sperlescu A, Balbo RJ, Rossitti SL (1989) Brief comments on the pathogenesis of spinal cysticercosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 47:105–109 Baily CG, Saddler MC (1989) Unusual cystic lesions of the spinal cord. J R Soc Med 82:765–766 Rossitti SL, Roth-Vargas AA, Moreira AR, Sperlescu A, Araújo JF, Balbo RJ (1990) Pure spinal leptomeningeal cysticercosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 48:366–370 Palasis S, Drevelengas A (1991) Extramedullary spinal cysticercosis. Eur J Radiol 12:216–218 Kishore LT, Gayatri K, Naidu MR, Mateen MA, Dinakar I, Ratnakar KS (1991) Intramedullary spinal cord cysticercosis. A case report and literature review. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 34:219–221 Gallani NR, Zambelli HJ, Roth-Vargas AA, Limoli Júnior C (1992) Spinal cord cisticercosis: report of two cases, review of the literature, and comments on its pathogeny. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 50:343–350 Isidro-Llorens A, Dachs F, Vidal J, Sarrias M (1993) Spinal cysticercosis: case report and review. Paraplegia 31:128–130 Boyer B, Billant JB, Solacroup JC (1993) Neurocysticercosis of spinal manifestation. Apropos of a case. J Radiol 74:81–86 Malzacher VD, Bogumil-Schott E, Neu IS (1994) Intraspinal manifestation of cysticercosis—Cysticercus racemosus. A case report and review of the literature. Nervenartz 65:563–567 Agrawal V, Thomas M, Maheshwari MC (1995) Intramedullary cysticerci. J Assoc Physicians India 43:138–140 Corral I, Quereda C, Moreno A, López-Vélez R, Martínez-San-Millán J, Guerrero A, Sotelo J (1996) Intramedullary cysticercosis cured with drug treatment. A case report. Spine 21:2284–2287 Mohanty A, Venkatrama SK, Das S, Das BS, Rao BR, Vasudev MK (1997) Spinal intramedullary cysticercosis. Neurosurgery 40:82–87 Goodear M, Voyvodic F, Brophy B, Sage M (1997) Spinal cysticercosis. J Clin Neurosci 4:370–372 Leite CC, Jinkins JR, Escobar BE, Magalhães AC, Gomes GC, Dib G, Vargas SA, Zee C, Watanabe AT (1997) MR imaging of intramedullary and intradural-extramedullary spinal cysticercosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 169:1713–1717 Escobar A, Herrera MP, Escobar W, Vega R (1998) Spinal intramedullary cysticercosis: a case report. Neuropathology 18:343–346 Iffenecker C, Mnif N, Fuerxer F, Benoudiba F, Doyon D (1998) MRI symptomatology of non-tumoral myelopathies. J Neuroradiol 25:32–45 Mohanty A, Das S, Kolluri VR, Das BS (1998) Spinal extradural cysticercosis: a case report. Spinal Cord 36:285–287 Aghakhani N, Comoy J, Tadié M, Lacroix C, Bourée P (1998) Isolated intramedullary cysticercosis. Case report. Neurochirurgie 44:127–131 Çiftçi E, Diaz-Marchan PJ, Hayman LA (1999) Intradural-extramedullary spinal cysticercosis: MR imaging findings. Comput Med Imaging Graph 23:161–164 Dantas FL, Fagundes-Pereyra WJ, De Souza CT, Vega MG, De Souza AA (1999) Intramedullary cysticercosis: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 57:301–305 Radek A, Karbownik J, Zapalowicz K (2000) Intradural spinal cysticercosis provoking radicular symptoms. Neurol Neurochir Pol 34:783–790 Mathuriya SN, Khosla VK, Vasishta RK, Tewari MK, Pathak A, Prabhakar S (2001) Intramedullary cysticercosis: MRI diagnosis. Neurol India 49:72–74 Homans J, Khoo L, Chen T, Commins DL, Ahmed J, Kovacs A (2001) Spinal intramedullary cysticercosis in a 5-year-old child: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20:904–908 Parmar H, Shah J, Patawardhan V, Patankar T, Patkar D, Muzumdar D, Prasad S, Castillo M (2001) MR imaging in intramedullary cysticercosis. Neuroradiology 2001(43):961–967 Sheehan JP, Sheehan JM, Lopes MB, Sheehan JP, Sheehan JM, Lopes MB, Jane JA (2002) Intramedullary cervical spine cysticercosis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 144:1061–1063 Sheehan JP, Sheehan J, Lopes MB, Jane JA Sr (2002) Intramedullary spinal cysticercosis. Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus 12:e10 Colli BO, Valença MM, Carlotti CG Jr, Machado HR, Assirati JA Jr (2002) Spinal cord cysticercosis: neurosurgical aspects. Neurosurg Focus 12:e9 Mazumdar D, Nadakarni T, Desai K, Dindorkar K, Goel A (2002) Thoracic intramedullary cysticercosis—two case reports. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 42:575–579 Amaral L, Maschietto M, Maschietto R, Cury R, Ferreira NF, Mendonça R, Lima SS (2003) Unusual manifestations of neurocysticercosis in MR imaging: analysis of 172 cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 61:533–541 da Costa Júnior LB, Lemos SP, Lambertucci JR (2003) Magnetic resonance imaging of racemous cysticercosis of the cauda equine. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36:765–766 Yamashita S, Mesquita MVG, Machado JCM, Miranda AH, Morceli J (2003) Intramedullary spinal cysticercosis: a case report and review of the literature. Radiol Bras 36:255–257 Torabi AM, Quiceno M, Mendelsohn DB, Powell CM (2004) Multilevel intramedullary spinal neurocysticercosis with eosinophilic meningitis. Arch Neurol 61:770–772 Jarupant W, Sithinamsuwan P, Udommongkol C, Reuarom K, Nidhinandana S, Suwantamee J (2004) Spinal cord compression and bilateral sensory neural hearing loss: an unusual manifestation of neurocysticercosis. J Med Assoc Thai 87:1244–1249 Egberts JH, van der Horst C, Bannowsky A, Jünemann KP, Braun PM (2004) Micturition dysfunction triggered by spinal intramedullary neurocysticercosis. Aktuelle Urol 35:58–61 Canas NM, Calado SL, Vale J (2005) Tratamiento de la neurocisticercosis racemosa medular. Rev Neurol 40:544–547 Guedes-Corrêa JF, Macedo RC, Vaitsman RP, Mattos JG, Agra JM (2006) Intramedullary cysticercosis simulating a conus medullaris tumor: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 64:149–152 Bouree P, Dumazeidier D, Bisaro F, Resende P, Comoy J, Aghakhani N (2006) Spinal cord cysticercosis: a case report. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 36:727–736 Ahmad FU, Sharma BS (2007) Treatment of intramedullary spinal cysticercosis: report of two cases and review of literature. Surg Neurol 67:74–77 Rossi L, Sestari A, Cerioni M (2006) Intradural-extramedullar spinal cysticercosis with brain involvement: a case report and literature review. Radiol Bras 39:379–382 Izci Y, Moftakhar R, Salamant MS (2008) Spinal intramedullary cysticercosis of the conus medullaris. WMJ 107:37–39 Mohapatra RN, Pattanaik JK, Satpathy SK, Joshi S (2008) Isolated and silent spinal neurocysticercosis associated with pseudotumor cerebri. Indian J Ophthalmol 56:249–251 Agrawal R, Pal Singh S, Misra V, Singh PA, Gopal NN (2008) Focal spinal intramedullary cysticercosis. Acta Biomed 79:39–41 Kaliswal MK, Gupta DK, Suri V, Sharma BS, Garg A (2008) Isolated spinal neurocysticercosis with clinical pleomorphism. Turk Neurosurg 18:294–297 Shin DA, Shin HC (2009) A case of extensive spinal cysticercosis involving the whole spinal canal in a patient with a history of cerebral cysticercosis. Yonsei Med J 50:582–584 Chhiber SS, Singh B, Bansal P, Pandita KK, Razdan S, Singh J (2009) Intramedullary spinal cysticercosis cured with medical therapy: case report and review of literature. Surg Neurol 2072:765–768 Gupta S, Singh PK, Gupta B, Azam A (2009) Isolated primary intradural extramedullary spinal neurocysticercosis: a case report and review of literature. Acta Neurol Taiwan 18:187–192 Lin J, Chu W, Ye X (2010) Use of suction to treat intramedullary spinal cysticercosis. BMJ Case Rep. doi:10.1136/bcr.04.2009.1755 Kumar S, Handa A, Chavda S, Tiwari R, Abbey P (2010) Intramedullary cysticercosis. J Clin Neurosci 17:522–523 Jang JW, Lee JK, Lee LH, Seo BR, Kim SH (2010) Recurrent primary spinal subarachnoid neurocysticercosis. Spine 35:172–175 Gonçalves FG, Neves PO, Jovem CL, Caetano C, Maia LB (2010) Chronic myelopathy associated to intramedullary cysticercosis. Spine 35:159–162 Boulos MI, Aviv RI, Lee L (2010) Spinal neurocysticercosis manifesting as recurrent aseptic meningitis. Can J Neurol Sci 37:878–880 Lim BC, Lee RS, Lim JS, Cho KY (2010) A case of neurocysticercosis in entire spinal level. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 48:371–374 Ferreira L, Araújo B, Rodrigues R, Pereira A, da Costa J, Oliveira P, Nascimento G (2010) Paraplegia espástica causada por cisticercose intramedular: apresentação de caso e breve revisão bibliográfica. Arq Bras Neurocirurgia 29:147–150 Park YS, Lee JK, Kim JH, Park KC (2011) Cysticercosis of lumbar spine, mimicking spinal subarachnoid tumor. Spine J 11:e1–e5 Singh P, Sahai K (2004) Intramedullary cysticercosis. Neurol India 52:264–265 Del Brutto OH, Garcia HH (2013) Neurocysticercosis. Handb Clin Neurol 114:313–325 Fleury A, Dessein A, Preux PM, Dumas M, Tapia G, Larralde C, Sciutto E (2004) Symptomatic human neurocysticercosis—age, sex and exposure factors relating with disease heterogeneity. J Neurol 251:830–837 Sáenz B, Ruiz-García M, Jiménez E, Hernández-Aguilar J, Suástegui R, Larralde C, Sciutto E, Fleury A (2006) Neurocysticercosis: clinical, radiological, and inflammatory differences between children and adults. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25:801–803 Fleury A, Morales J, Bobes RJ, Dumas M, Yañez O, Piña J, Carrillo-Mezo R, Martínez JJ, Fragoso G, Dessein A, Larrralde C, Sciutto E (2006) An Epidemiological study of familial neurocysticercosis in an endemic Mexican community. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100:551–558 Callacondo D, Garcia HH, Gonzales I, Escalante D, Nash TE, Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru (2012) High frequency of spinal involvement in patients with basal subarachnoid neurocysticercosis. Neurology 78:1394–1400 Del Brutto OH, Garcia HH (2013) Intramedullary cisticercosis of the spinal cord: a review of patients evaluated with MRI. J Neurol Sci 331:114–117 Gupta RK, Awasthi R, Rathore RK, Verma A, Sahoo P, Paliwal VK, Prasad KN, Pandey CM, Narayana PA (2012) Understanding epileptogenesis in calcified neurocysticercosis with perfusion MRI. Neurology 78:618–625 Verma A, Prasad KN, Gupta RK, Singh AK, Nyati KK, Rizwan P, Pandey CM, Paliwal VK (2010) Toll-like 4 polymorphism and its association with symptomatic neurocysticercosis. J Infect Dis 202:1219–1225 Ito A, Nakao M, Wandra T (2003) Human taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia. Lancet 362:1918–1920 Michelet L, Dauga C (2012) Molecular evidence of host influences on the evolution and spread of human tapeworms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 87:731–741 Del Brutto OH (2012) Neurocysticercosis. Contin Lifelong Learn Neurol 18:1392–1416