Prooxidant Activity of Flavonoids: Copper-Dependent Strand Breaks and the Formation of 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine in DNA

Brown, 1980, A review of the genetic effects of naturally occurring flavonoids, anthraquinones and related compounds, Mutat Res, 75, 243, 10.1016/0165-1110(80)90029-9

Nagao, 1981, Mutagenicities of 61 flavonoids and 11 related compounds, Environ Mutagen, 3, 401, 10.1002/em.2860030402

Sahu, 1983, Interactions of flavonoids, trace metals, and oxygen: nuclear DNA damage and lipid peroxidation induced by myricetin, Cancer Lett, 70, 73, 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90077-M

Halliwell, 1992, Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: where are we now, J Lab Clin Med, 119, 598

Ames, 1993, Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 7915, 10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915

Homma, 1994, Evidence for the accumulation of oxidative stress during cellular ageing of human diploid fibroblasts, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 203, 1063, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2290

Toyokuni, 1996, Association between 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine formation and DNA strand breaks mediated by copper and iron, Free Radical Biol Med, 20, 859, 10.1016/0891-5849(95)02184-1

Rahman, 1992, Mol Cell Biochem, 111, 2, 10.1007/BF00229567

Larson, 1998, The antioxidants of higher plants, Phytochemistry, 27, 969, 10.1016/0031-9422(88)80254-1

Havsteen, 1983, Superoxide dismutase acts as an enhancing factor for quercetin mutagenesis in rat liver cytosol by preventing its decomposition, Biochem Pharmacol, 32, 1141, 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90262-9

Ochiai, 1984, Superoxide dismutase acts as an enhancing factor for quercetin mutagenesis in rat liver cytosol by preventing its decomposition, Mutat Res, 129, 19, 10.1016/0027-5107(84)90118-0

Laughton, 1989, Antioxidant and pro-oxidant actions of the plant phenolics quercetin, gossypol and myricetin. Effects on lipid peroxidation, hydroxyl radical generation and bleomycin-dependent damage to DNA, Biochem Pharmacol, 38, 2859, 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90442-5

Pryor, 1988, Why is the hydroxyl radical the only radical that commonly adds to DNA, Free Radical Biol Med, 4, 219, 10.1016/0891-5849(88)90043-3

Kagawa, 1991, Covalent modification of guanine bases in double-stranded DNA. The 1.2A Z-DNA structure of d(CGCGCG) in the presence of CuCl2, J Biol Chem, 266, 20175, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54906-1

Kennedy, 1997, Quantitation of 8-oxoguanine and strand breaks produced by four oxidizing agents, Chem Res Toxicol, 10, 386, 10.1021/tx960102w

Lloyd, 1998, Comparison of the formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and single- and double-strand breaks in DNA mediated by Fenton reactions, Chem Res Toxicol, 11, 420, 10.1021/tx970156l

Sagripanti, 1989, Site-specific oxidative DNA damage at polyguanosines produced by cooper plus hydrogen peroxide, J Biol Chem, 264, 1729, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)94247-X

Li, 1993, Oxidation of hydroquinone by copper: chemical mechanism and biological effects, Arch Biochem Biophys, 300, 346, 10.1006/abbi.1993.1047

Floyd, 1990, The role of 8-hydroxyguanine in carcinogenesis, Carcinogenesis, 11, 1447, 10.1093/carcin/11.9.1447

Seacat, 1997, ESR identification of free radicals formed from the oxidation of catechol estrogen by Cu2+, Arch Biochem Biophys, 347, 45, 10.1006/abbi.1997.0323

Gajewski, 1990, Modification of DNA bases in mammalian chromatin by radiation-generated free radicals, Biochemistry, 29, 7876, 10.1021/bi00486a014

Dizdaroglu, 1991, Damage to the DNA in mammalian chromatin by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ferric and cupric ions, Arch Biochem Biophys, 285, 317, 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90366-Q

Sahu, 1997, Lipid peroxidation and DNA damage induced by morin and naringenin in isolated rat liver nuclei, Food Chem Toxicol, 35, 443, 10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00011-2