Michael Prinzleve1, Christian Haasen1, Heike Zurhold1, Josep Lluís Matalí2, Eugeni Bruguera2, József Gerevich3, Erika Bácskai3, Niamh Ryder4, Shane Butler4, Victoria Manning5, Michael Gossop5, Anne-Marie Pezous6, Annette Verster7, Antonella Camposeragna7, Pia Andersson8, Börje Olsson8, Andjela Primorac9, Gabriele Fischer9, Franziska Güttinger10, Jürgen Rehm10, Michael Krausz1
1Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Suchtforschung der Universität Hamburg, Germany
2Unidad Docente de la Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
3Drogalapítvány Budapest, Hungary
4Addiction Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
5National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
6Department of Psychiatry, Lariboisiere Hospital, Paris, France
7Centro Studi Compartimenti Additivi Roma, Italy
8Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm, Sweden
9University of Vienna, Department of Psychiatry, Out-Patient Drug Addiction, Vienna, Austria
10Addiction Research Institute, Zurich University, Institut für Suchtforschung, Zurich, Switzerland
Tóm tắt
<i>Aim:</i> The study investigates patterns of cocaine powder and crack cocaine use of different groups in nine European cities. <i>Design, Setting, Participants:</i> Multi-centre cross-sectional study conducted in Barcelona, Budapest, Dublin, Hamburg, London, Paris, Rome, Vienna, and Zurich. Data were collected by structured face-to-face interviews. The sample comprises 1,855 cocaine users out of three subgroups: 632 cocaine users in addiction treatment, mainly maintenance treatment; 615 socially marginalized cocaine users not in treatment, and 608 socially integrated cocaine users not in treatment. <i>Measurements:</i> Use of cocaine powder, crack cocaine and other substances in the last 30 days, routes of administration, and lifetime use of cocaine powder and crack cocaine. <i>Findings:</i> The marginalized group showed the highest intensity of cocaine use, the highest intensity of heroin use and of multiple substance use. 95% of the integrated group snorted cocaine powder, while in the two other groups, injecting was quite prevalent, but with huge differences between the cities. 96% of all participants had used at least one other substance in addition to cocaine in the last 30 days. <i>Conclusions:</i> The use of cocaine powder and crack cocaine varies widely between different groups and between cities. Nonetheless, multiple substance use is the predominating pattern of cocaine use, and the different routes of administration have to be taken into account.
