Systematic shifts in Budyko relationships caused by groundwater storage changes

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences - Tập 21 Số 2 - Trang 1117-1135
Laura E. Condon1, R. M. Maxwell2
1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
2Integrated GroundWater Modeling Center, Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA

Tóm tắt

Abstract. Traditional Budyko analysis is predicated on the assumption that the watershed of interest is in dynamic equilibrium over the period of study, and thus surface water partitioning will not be influenced by changes in storage. However, previous work has demonstrated that groundwater–surface water interactions will shift Budyko relationships. While modified Budyko approaches have been proposed to account for storage changes, given the limited ability to quantify groundwater fluxes and storage across spatial scales, additional research is needed to understand the implications of these approximations. This study evaluates the impact of storage changes on Budyko relationships given three common approaches to estimating evapotranspiration fractions: (1) determining evapotranspiration from observations, (2) calculating evapotranspiration from precipitation and surface water outflow, and (3) adjusting precipitation to account for storage changes. We show conceptually that groundwater storage changes will shift the Budyko relationship differently depending on the way evapotranspiration is estimated. A 1-year transient simulation is used to mimic all three approaches within a numerical framework in which groundwater–surface water exchanges are prevalent and can be fully quantified. The model domain spans the majority of the continental US and encompasses 25 000 nested watersheds ranging in size from 100 km2 to over 3 000 000 km2. Model results illustrate that storage changes can generate different spatial patterns in Budyko relationships depending on the approach used. This shows the potential for systematic bias when comparing studies that use different approaches to estimating evapotranspiration. Comparisons between watersheds are also relevant for studies that seek to characterize variability in the Budyko space using other watershed characteristics. Our results demonstrate that within large complex domains the correlation between storage changes and other relevant watershed properties, such as aridity, makes it difficult to easily isolate storage changes as an independent predictor of behavior. However, we suggest that, using the conceptual models presented here, comparative studies could still easily evaluate a range of spatially heterogeneous storage changes by perturbing individual points to better incorporate uncertain storage changes into analysis.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Barnes, M. L., Welty, C., and Miller, A. J.: Global Topographic Slope Enforcement to Ensure Connectivity and Drainage in an Urban Terrain, J. Hydrol. Eng., 21, 06015017, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001306, 2016.

Budyko, M. I.: The Heat Balance of the Earth's Surface Rep., US Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., 140–161, 1958.

Budyko, M. I.: Climate and LIfe, Academic Press, New York, 1974.

Choudhury, B.: Evaluation of an empirical equation for annual evaporation using field observations and results from a biophysical model, J. Hydrol., 216, 99–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00293-5, 1999.

Condon, L. E., Hering, A. S., and Maxwell, R. M.: Quantitative assessment of groundwater controls across major US river basins using a multi-model regression algorithm, Adv. Water Resour., 82, 106–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.04.008, 2015.

Cosgrove, B. A., Lohmann, D., Mitchell, K. E., Houser, P. R., Wood, E. F., Schaake, J. C., Robock, A., Marshall, C., Sheffield, J., Duan, Q., Luo, L., Higgins, R. W., Pinker, R. T., Tarpley, J. D., and Meng, J.: Real-time and retrospective forcing in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) project, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8842, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003118, 2003.

Dai, Y., Zeng, X., Dickinson, R. E., Baker, I., Bonan, G. B., Bosilovich, M. G., Denning, A. S., Dirmeyer, P. A., Houser, P. R., Niu, G., Oleson, K. W., Schlosser, C. A., and Yang, Z.-L.: The Common Land Model, B. Am. Meterorol. Soc., 84, 1013–1023, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-84-8-1013, 2003.

Donohue, R. J., Roderick, M. L., and McVicar, T. R.: On the importance of including vegetation dynamics in Budyko's hydrological model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 983–995, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-983-2007, 2007.

Donohue, R. J., Roderick, M. L., and McVicar, T. R.: Assessing the differences in sensitivities of runoff to changes in climatic conditions across a large basin, J. Hydrol., 406, 234–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.07.003, 2011.

Du, C., Sun, F., Yu, J., Liu, X., and Chen, Y.: New interpretation of the role of water balance in an extended Budyko hypothesis in arid regions, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 393–409, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-393-2016, 2016.

Ferguson, I. M., Jefferson, J. L., Maxwell, R. M., and Kollet, S. J.: Effects of root water uptake formulation on simulated water and energy budgets at local and basin scales, Environ. Earth Sci., 75, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5041-z, 2016.

Fu, B. P.: On the calculation of the evaporation from land surface, Sci. Atmos. Sin., 5, 23–31, 1981.

Gentine, P., D'Odorico, P., Lintner, B. R., Sivandran, G., and Salvucci, G.: Interdependence of climate, soil, and vegetation as constrained by the Budyko curve, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L19404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053492, 2012.

Gleeson, T., Smith, L., Moosdorf, N., Hartmann, J., Durr, H. H., Manning, A. H., van Beek, L. P. H., and Jellinek, A. M.: Mapping permeability over the surface of the Earth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045565, 2011.

Greve, P., Gudmundsson, L., Orlowsky, B., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Introducing a probabilistic Budyko framework, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 2261–2269, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063449, 2015.

Istanbulluoglu, E., Wang, T., Wright, O. M., and Lenters, J. D.: Interpretation of hydrologic trends from a water balance perspective: The role of groundwater storage in the Budyko hypothesis, Water Resour. Res., 48, W00H16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010100, 2012.

Jefferson, J. L. and Maxwell, R. M.: Evaluation of simple to complex parameterizations of bare ground evaporation, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 7, 1075–1092, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014MS000398, 2015.

Jones, J. A., Creed, I. F., Hatcher, K. L., Warren, R. J., Adams, M. B., Benson, M. H., Boose, E., Brown, W. A., Campbell, J. L., and Covich, A.: Ecosystem processes and human influences regulate streamflow response to climate change at long-term ecological research sites, BioScience, 62, 390–404, 2012.

Kollet, S. J. and Maxwell, R. M.: Integrated surface–groundwater flow modeling: A free-surface overland flow boundary condition in a parallel groundwater flow model, Adv. Water Resour., 29, 945–958, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.08.006, 2006.

Kollet, S. J. and Maxwell, R. M.: Capturing the influence of groundwater dynamics on land surface processes using an integrated, distributed watershed model, Water Resour. Res., 44, W02402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006004, 2008.

Koster, R. D. and Suarez, M. J.: A Simple Framework for Examining the Interannual Variability of Land Surface Moisture Fluxes, J. Climate, 12, 1911–1917, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1911:ASFFET>2.0.CO;2, 1999.

Li, D., Pan, M., Cong, Z., Zhang, L., and Wood, E.: Vegetation control on water and energy balance within the Budyko framework, Water Resour. Res., 49, 969–976, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20107, 2013.

Maxwell, R. M.: A terrain-following grid transform for parallel, large-scale, integrated hydrologic modeling, Adv. Water Resour., 53, 109–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.10.001, 2013.

Maxwell, R. M. and Condon, L. E.: Connections between groundwater flow and transpiration partitioning, Science, 353, 377–380, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7891, 2016.

Maxwell, R. M. and Miller, N. L.: Development of a coupled land surface and groundwater model, J. Hydrometerol., 6, 233–247, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM422.1, 2005.

Maxwell, R. M., Condon, L. E., and Kollet, S. J.: A high-resolution simulation of groundwater and surface water over most of the continental US with the integrated hydrologic model ParFlow v3, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 923–937, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-923-2015, 2015.

Maxwell, R. M., Condon, L. E., Kollet, S. J., Maher, K., Haggerty, R., and Forrester, M. M.: The imprint of climate and geology on the residence times of groundwater, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 701–708, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066916, 2016.

Milly, P. C. D.: Climate, soil water storage, and the average annual water balance, Water Resour. Res., 30, 2143–2156, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00586, 1994.

Milly, P. C. D. and Dunne, K. A.: Macroscale water fluxes 2. Water and energy supply control of their interannual variability, Water Resour. Res., 38, 24-21–24-29, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000760, 2002.

Mitchell, K. E., Lohmann, D., Houser, P. R., Wood, E. F., Schaake, J. C., Robock, A., Cosgrove, B. A., Sheffield, J., Duan, Q., Luo, L., Higgins, R. W., Pinker, R. T., Tarpley, D. J., Lettenmaier, D. P., Marshall, C. H., Entin, J. K., Pan, M., Shi, W., Koren, V., Meng, J., Ramsay, B. H., and Bailey, A. A.: The multi-institution North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS): Utilizing multiple GCIP products and partners in a continental distributed hydrological modeling system, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D07S90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003823, 2004.

Potter, N. J. and Zhang, L.: Interannual variability of catchment water balance in Australia, J. Hydrol., 369, 120–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.005, 2009.

Renner, M., Brust, K., Schwärzel, K., Volk, M., and Bernhofer, C.: Separating the effects of changes in land cover and climate: a hydro-meteorological analysis of the past 60 yr in Saxony, Germany, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 389–405, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-389-2014, 2014.

Shao, Q., Traylen, A., and Zhang, L.: Nonparametric method for estimating the effects of climatic and catchment characteristics on mean annual evapotranspiration, Water Resour. Res., 48, W03517, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009610, 2012.

Troch, P. A., Carrillo, G., Sivapalan, M., Wagener, T., and Sawicz, K.: Climate–vegetation–soil interactions and long-term hydrologic partitioning: signatures of catchment co-evolution, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2209–2217, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2209-2013, 2013.

Van Genuchten, M. T.: A Closed-form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898, 1980.

Wang, D.: Evaluating interannual water storage changes at watersheds in Illinois based on long-term soil moisture and groundwater level data, Water Resour. Res., 48, W03502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010759, 2012.

Wang, T., Istanbulluoglu, E., Lenters, J., and Scott, D.: On the role of groundwater and soil texture in the regional water balance: An investigation of the Nebraska Sand Hills, USA, Water Resour. Res., 45, W10413, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007733, 2009.

Williams, C. A., Reichstein, M., Buchmann, N., Baldocchi, D., Beer, C., Schwalm, C., Wohlfahrt, G., Hasler, N., Bernhofer, C., Foken, T., Papale, D., Schymanski, S., and Schaefer, K.: Climate and vegetation controls on the surface water balance: Synthesis of evapotranspiration measured across a global network of flux towers, Water Resour. Rese., 48, W06523, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011586, 2012.

Xu, X., Liu, W., Scanlon, B. R., Zhang, L., and Pan, M.: Local and global factors controlling water-energy balances within the Budyko framework, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 6123–6129, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058324, 2013.

Yang, D., Sun, F., Liu, Z., Cong, Z., Ni, G., and Lei, Z.: Analyzing spatial and temporal variability of annual water-energy balance in nonhumid regions of China using the Budyko hypothesis, Water Resour. Res., 43, W04426, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005224, 2007.

Yang, D., Shao, W., Yeh, P. J. F., Yang, H., Kanae, S., and Oki, T.: Impact of vegetation coverage on regional water balance in the nonhumid regions of China, Water Resour. Res., 45, W00A14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR006948, 2009.

Yokoo, Y., Sivapalan, M., and Oki, T.: Investigating the roles of climate seasonality and landscape characteristics on mean annual and monthly water balances, J. Hydrol., 357, 255–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.05.010, 2008.

Zhang, L., Dawes, W. R., and Walker, G. R.: Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetation changes at catchment scale, Water Resour. Res., 37, 701–708, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900325, 2001.

Zhang, L., Hickel, K., Dawes, W. R., Chiew, F. H. S., Western, A. W., and Briggs, P. R.: A rational function approach for estimating mean annual evapotranspiration, Water Resour. Res., 40, W02502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002710, 2004.

Zhang, L., Potter, N., Hickel, K., Zhang, Y., and Shao, Q.: Water balance modeling over variable time scales based on the Budyko framework – Model development and testing, J. Hydrol., 360, 117–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.07.021, 2008.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences

Tập 21 Số 2

1117-1135

Thông tin tác giả