2-thio-6-azauridine inhibits Vpu mediated BST-2 degradation

Neil SJ, Zang T, Bieniasz PD. Tetherin inhibits retrovirus release and is antagonized by HIV-1 Vpu. Nature. 2008;451:425–30. Van Damme N, Goff D, Katsura C, Jorgenson RL, Mitchell R, Johnson MC, Stephens EB, Guatelli J. The interferon-induced protein BST-2 restricts HIV-1 release and is downregulated from the cell surface by the viral Vpu protein. Cell Host Microbe. 2008;3:245–52. Jouvenet N, Neil SJ, Zhadina M, Zang T, Kratovac Z, Lee Y, McNatt M, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD. Broad-spectrum inhibition of retroviral and filoviral particle release by tetherin. J Virol. 2009;83:1837–44. Kaletsky RL, Francica JR, Agrawal-Gamse C, Bates P. Tetherin-mediated restriction of filovirus budding is antagonized by the Ebola glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:2886–91. Mansouri M, Viswanathan K, Douglas JL, Hines J, Gustin J, Moses AV, Fruh K. Molecular mechanism of BST2/tetherin downregulation by K5/MIR2 of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol. 2009;83:9672–81. Sakuma T, Sakurai A, Yasuda J. Dimerization of tetherin is not essential for its antiviral activity against Lassa and Marburg viruses. PLoS One. 2009;4:e6934. Sakuma T, Noda T, Urata S, Kawaoka Y, Yasuda J. Inhibition of Lassa and Marburg virus production by tetherin. J Virol. 2009;83:2382–5. Neil SJ, Sandrin V, Sundquist WI, Bieniasz PD. An interferon-alpha-induced tethering mechanism inhibits HIV-1 and Ebola virus particle release but is counteracted by the HIV-1 Vpu protein. Cell Host Microbe. 2007;2:193–203. Neil SJ, Eastman SW, Jouvenet N, Bieniasz PD. HIV-1 Vpu promotes release and prevents endocytosis of nascent retrovirus particles from the plasma membrane. PLoS Pathog. 2006;2:e39. Ishikawa J, Kaisho T, Tomizawa H, Lee BO, Kobune Y, Inazawa J, Oritani K, Itoh M, Ochi T, Ishihara K, et al. Molecular cloning and chromosomal mapping of a bone marrow stromal cell surface gene, BST2, that may be involved in pre-B-cell growth. Genomics. 1995;26:527–34. Kupzig S, Korolchuk V, Rollason R, Sugden A, Wilde A, Banting G. Bst-2/HM1.24 is a raft-associated apical membrane protein with an unusual topology. Traffic. 2003;4:694–709. Rollason R, Korolchuk V, Hamilton C, Schu P, Banting G. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of a lipid-raft-associated protein is mediated through a dual tyrosine motif. J Cell Sci. 2007;120:3850–8. Andrew AJ, Miyagi E, Kao S, Strebel K. The formation of cysteine-linked dimers of BST-2/tetherin is important for inhibition of HIV-1 virus release but not for sensitivity to Vpu. Retrovirology. 2009;6:80. Jia B, Serra-Moreno R, Neidermyer W, Rahmberg A, Mackey J, Fofana IB, Johnson WE, Westmoreland S, Evans DT. Species-specific activity of SIV Nef and HIV-1 Vpu in overcoming restriction by tetherin/BST2. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000429. Le Tortorec A, Neil SJ. Antagonism to and intracellular sequestration of human tetherin by the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoprotein. J Virol. 2009;83:11966–78. Gupta RK, Mlcochova P, Pelchen-Matthews A, Petit SJ, Mattiuzzo G, Pillay D, Takeuchi Y, Marsh M, Towers GJ. Simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein counteracts tetherin/BST-2/CD317 by intracellular sequestration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:20889–94. Zhang F, Wilson SJ, Landford WC, Virgen B, Gregory D, Johnson MC, Munch J, Kirchhoff F, Bieniasz PD, Hatziioannou T. Nef proteins from simian immunodeficiency viruses are tetherin antagonists. Cell Host Microbe. 2009;6:54–67. Yang SJ, Lopez LA, Hauser H, Exline CM, Haworth KG, Cannon PM. Anti-tetherin activities in Vpu-expressing primate lentiviruses. Retrovirology. 2010;7:13. Bartee E, McCormack A, Fruh K. Quantitative membrane proteomics reveals new cellular targets of viral immune modulators. PLoS Pathog. 2006;2:e107. Pardieu C, Vigan R, Wilson SJ, Calvi A, Zang T, Bieniasz P, Kellam P, Towers GJ, Neil SJ. The RING-CH ligase K5 antagonizes restriction of KSHV and HIV-1 particle release by mediating ubiquitin-dependent endosomal degradation of tetherin. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1000843. Cohen EA, Terwilliger EF, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA. Identification of a protein encoded by the vpu gene of HIV-1. Nature. 1988;334:532–4. Strebel K, Klimkait T, Martin MA. A novel gene of HIV-1, vpu, and its 16-kilodalton product. Science. 1988;241:1221–3. Hammonds J, Ding L, Chu H, Geller K, Robbins A, Wang JJ, Yi H, Spearman P. The tetherin/BST-2 coiled-coil ectodomain mediates plasma membrane microdomain localization and restriction of particle release. J Virol. 2012;86:2259–72. Varthakavi V, Smith RM, Bour SP, Strebel K, Spearman P. Viral protein U counteracts a human host cell restriction that inhibits HIV-1 particle production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:15154–9. Levesque K, Zhao YS, Cohen EA. Vpu exerts a positive effect on HIV-1 infectivity by down-modulating CD4 receptor molecules at the surface of HIV-1-producing cells. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:28346–53. Willey RL, Maldarelli F, Martin MA, Strebel K. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein induces rapid degradation of CD4. J Virol. 1992;66:7193–200. Binette J, Dube M, Mercier J, Halawani D, Latterich M, Cohen EA. Requirements for the selective degradation of CD4 receptor molecules by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. Retrovirology. 2007;4:75. Klimkait T, Strebel K, Hoggan MD, Martin MA, Orenstein JM. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific protein vpu is required for efficient virus maturation and release. J Virol. 1990;64:621–9. Iwabu Y, Fujita H, Kinomoto M, Kaneko K, Ishizaka Y, Tanaka Y, Sata T, Tokunaga K. HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu internalizes cell-surface BST-2/tetherin through transmembrane interactions leading to lysosomes. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:35060–72. McNatt MW, Zang T, Hatziioannou T, Bartlett M, Fofana IB, Johnson WE, Neil SJ, Bieniasz PD. Species-specific activity of HIV-1 Vpu and positive selection of tetherin transmembrane domain variants. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000300. Rong L, Zhang J, Lu J, Pan Q, Lorgeoux RP, Aloysius C, Guo F, Liu SL, Wainberg MA, Liang C. The transmembrane domain of BST-2 determines its sensitivity to down-modulation by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu. J Virol. 2009;83:7536–46. Douglas JL, Gustin JK, Viswanathan K, Mansouri M, Moses AV, Fruh K. The great escape: viral strategies to counter BST-2/tetherin. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1000913. Dube M, Roy BB, Guiot-Guillain P, Binette J, Mercier J, Chiasson A, Cohen EA. Antagonism of tetherin restriction of HIV-1 release by Vpu involves binding and sequestration of the restriction factor in a perinuclear compartment. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1000856. Miyagi E, Andrew AJ, Kao S, Strebel K. Vpu enhances HIV-1 virus release in the absence of Bst-2 cell surface down-modulation and intracellular depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:2868–73. Douglas JL, Viswanathan K, McCarroll MN, Gustin JK, Fruh K, Moses AV. Vpu directs the degradation of the human immunodeficiency virus restriction factor BST-2/Tetherin via a {beta}TrCP-dependent mechanism. J Virol. 2009;83:7931–47. Goffinet C, Allespach I, Homann S, Tervo HM, Habermann A, Rupp D, Oberbremer L, Kern C, Tibroni N, Welsch S, et al. HIV-1 antagonism of CD317 is species specific and involves Vpu-mediated proteasomal degradation of the restriction factor. Cell Host Microbe. 2009;5:285–97. Mangeat B, Gers-Huber G, Lehmann M, Zufferey M, Luban J, Piguet V. HIV-1 Vpu neutralizes the antiviral factor Tetherin/BST-2 by binding it and directing its beta-TrCP2-dependent degradation. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000574. Vidal-Laliena M, Romero X, March S, Requena V, Petriz J, Engel P. Characterization of antibodies submitted to the B cell section of the 8th Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens Workshop by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Cell Immunol. 2005;236:6–16. Zhang Q, Liu Z, Mi Z, Li X, Jia P, Zhou J, Yin X, You X, Yu L, Guo F, et al. High-throughput assay to identify inhibitors of Vpu-mediated down-regulation of cell surface BST-2. Antiviral Res. 2011;91:321–9. Roth JP, Li JK, Smee DF, Morrey JD, Barnard DL. A recombinant, infectious human parainfluenza virus type 3 expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein for use in high-throughput antiviral assays. Antiviral Res. 2009;82:12–21. Morrey JD, Smee DF, Sidwell RW, Tseng C. Identification of active antiviral compounds against a New York isolate of West Nile virus. Antiviral Res. 2002;55:107–16. Zhang J, Liang C. BST-2 diminishes HIV-1 infectivity. J Virol. 2010;84:12336–43. Kumar KG, Tang W, Ravindranath AK, Clark WA, Croze E, Fuchs SY. SCF(HOS) ubiquitin ligase mediates the ligand-induced down-regulation of the interferon-alpha receptor. EMBO J. 2003;22:5480–90. Lim ES, Emerman M. Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm from African green monkeys does not antagonize endogenous levels of African green monkey tetherin/BST-2. J Virol. 2009;83:11673–81. Schubert U, Schneider T, Henklein P, Hoffmann K, Berthold E, Hauser H, Pauli G, Porstmann T. Human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-encoded Vpu protein is phosphorylated by casein kinase II. Eur J Biochem. 1992;204:875–83. De Clercq E. Antiviral agents: characteristic activity spectrum depending on the molecular target with which they interact. Adv Virus Res. 1993;42:1–55. Poduch E, Bello AM, Tang S, Fujihashi M, Pai EF, Kotra LP. Design of inhibitors of orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase using bioisosteric replacement and determination of inhibition kinetics. J Med Chem. 2006;49:4937–45. Hundemer M, Schmidt S, Condomines M, Lupu A, Hose D, Moos M, Cremer F, Kleist C, Terness P, Belle S, et al. Identification of a new HLA-A2-restricted T-cell epitope within HM1.24 as immunotherapy target for multiple myeloma. Exp Hematol. 2006;34:486–96. Walter-Yohrling J, Cao X, Callahan M, Weber W, Morgenbesser S, Madden SL, Wang C, Teicher BA. Identification of genes expressed in malignant cells that promote invasion. Cancer Res. 2003;63:8939–47. Cai D, Cao J, Li Z, Zheng X, Yao Y, Li W, Yuan Z. Up-regulation of bone marrow stromal protein 2 (BST2) in breast cancer with bone metastasis. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:102. Conticello SG, Harris RS, Neuberger MS. The Vif protein of HIV triggers degradation of the human antiretroviral DNA deaminase APOBEC3G. Curr Biol. 2003;13:2009–13. Zhang L, Saadatmand J, Li X, Guo F, Niu M, Jiang J, Kleiman L, Cen S. Function analysis of sequences in human APOBEC3G involved in Vif-mediated degradation. Virology. 2008;370:113–21. Schmidt ML, Donninger H, Clark GJ. Ras regulates SCF(beta-TrCP) protein activity and specificity via its effector protein NORE1A. J Biol Chem. 2014;289:31102–10. Janvier K, Pelchen-Matthews A, Renaud JB, Caillet M, Marsh M, Berlioz-Torrent C. The ESCRT-0 component HRS is required for HIV-1 Vpu-mediated BST-2/tetherin down-regulation. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7:e1001265. Nguyen KL, llano M, Akari H, Miyagi E, Poeschla EM, Strebel K, Bour S. Codon optimization of the HIV-1 vpu and vif genes stabilizes their mRNA and allows for highly efficient Rev-independent expression. Virology. 2004;319:163–75. Fouchier RA, Meyer BE, Simon JH, Fischer U, Malim MH. HIV-1 infection of non-dividing cells: evidence that the amino-terminal basic region of the viral matrix protein is important for Gag processing but not for post-entry nuclear import. EMBO J. 1997;16:4531–9. Pereira CF, Paridaen JT, Rutten K, Huigen MC, van de Bovenkamp M, Middel J, Beerens N, Berkhout B, Schuurman R, Marnett LJ, et al. Aspirin-like molecules that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus 1 replication. Antiviral Res. 2003;58:253–63.