17β‐oestradiol up‐regulates longevity‐related, antioxidant enzyme expression via the ERK1 and ERK2^[MAPK]/NFκB cascade

Females live longer than males. Oestrogens protect females against aging by up‐regulating the expression of antioxidant, longevity‐related genes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Mn‐superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD). The mechanism through which oestrogens up‐regulate those enzymes remains unidentified, but may have implications for gender differences in lifespan. We show that physiological concentrations of oestradiol act through oestrogen receptors to reduce peroxide levels in MCF‐7 cells (a mammary gland tumour cell line). Oestradiol increases MAP kinase (MAPK) activation as indicated by ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation in MCF‐7 cells, which in turn activates the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signalling pathways as indicated by an increase in the p50 subunit of NFκB in nuclear extracts. Blockade of MAPK and NFκB signalling reduces the antioxidant effect of oestradiol. Finally, we show that activation of MAPK and NFκB by oestrogens drives the expression of the antioxidant enzymes Mn‐SOD and GPx. We conclude that oestradiol sequentially activates MAPK and NFκB following receptor activation to up‐regulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes, providing a cogent explanation for the antioxidant properties of oestrogen and its effects on longevity‐related genes.