Legionella Contamination in Hot Water of Italian Hotels

Applied and Environmental Microbiology - Tập 71 Số 10 - Trang 5805-5813 - 2005
Paola Borella1, Maria Teresa Montagna2, S Stampi3, G. Stancanelli4, V. Romano-Spica5, Maria Triassi6, Isabella Marchesi1, Annalisa Bargellini1, D. Tatò2, Christian Napoli2, Franca Zanetti3, Erica Leoni3, Matteo Moro4, Stefania Scaltriti4, G. Ribera D’Alcalà6, R Santarpia6, Stefania Boccia7
1Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Biostatistics, University of Modena and Reggio E, Modena
2Department of Internal Medicine and Public Health, University of Bari, Bari
3Department of Public Medicine and Health, University of Bologna, Bologna
4S. Raffaele Hospital, Milan
5Department of Health Sciences, University Institute of Movement Sciences, Rome
6Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Institute, University Federico II of Naples, Naples
7Hygiene Institute, Catholic University in Rome, Rome, Italy

Tóm tắt

ABSTRACT A cross-sectional multicenter survey of Italian hotels was conducted to investigate Legionella spp. contamination of hot water. Chemical parameters (hardness, free chlorine concentration, and trace element concentrations), water systems, and building characteristics were evaluated to study risk factors for colonization. The hot water systems of Italian hotels were strongly colonized by Legionella ; 75% of the buildings examined and 60% of the water samples were contaminated, mainly at levels of ≥10 3 CFU liter −1 , and Legionella pneumophila was the most frequently isolated species (87%). L. pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from 45.8% of the contaminated sites and from 32.5% of the hotels examined. When a multivariate logistic model was used, only hotel age was associated with contamination, but the risk factors differed depending on the contaminating species and serogroup. Soft water with higher chlorine levels and higher temperatures were associated with L. pneumophila serogroup 1 colonization, whereas the opposite was observed for serogroups 2 to 14. In conclusion, Italian hotels, particularly those located in old buildings, represent a major source of risk for Legionnaires' disease due to the high frequency of Legionella contamination, high germ concentration, and major L. pneumophila serogroup 1 colonization. The possible role of chlorine in favoring the survival of Legionella species is discussed.

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Tập 71 Số 10

5805-5813

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