‘Plenty of Time, Out of Time’. Plurality of Timing in the Italian Asylum Reception System. Outcomes from the Field

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Trang 1-17 - 2023
Silvia Pitzalis1
1Department of Economics, Society, Politics, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Urbino, Italy

Tóm tắt

In recent years, there has been a noticeable emphasis on migration processes framed within the context of a ‘crisis.’ This emphasis underscores a unique and exceptional temporality. The ‘European migration crisis’ has presented an unprecedented challenge, leading governments to predominantly adopt an emergency-oriented approach as the exclusive means to address and conceptualise this crisis. This contribution aims to elucidate how the ‘emergency’s structural time,’ posited as a distinct and universally applicable notion, can profoundly influence the practical aspects of social frameworks, perceptions, experiences, and practices involving various actors within the Italian asylum reception system. Through empirical analysis of specific cases that emerged during extensive ethnographic fieldwork between 2016 and 2020, focusing on bureaucratic practices, relationships, and intimacy, I will illustrate an ongoing transformative interplay between Time and the various processes outlined ‘in Time.’ More specifically, this study delves into the waiting experiences of asylum seekers on the one hand and the hectic experiences of social operators working within the asylum reception system on the other. The objective is to demonstrate how the prevailing emergency-centric approach within this system steers these individuals into specific temporal frameworks. As a result, external influences and pressures render the realisation of their hoped-for near future unattainable, leaving the present disconnected from their particular aspirations. This mechanism initiates processes that disrupt existence, thereby compromising prospects of stability. Nonetheless, these subjects can develop and implement specific strategies to circumvent constraints and mitigate the institutional violence and exclusion that often characterise the Italian asylum reception system.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abu-Lughod, L. (1990). The romance of resistance: Tracing transformations of power through Bedouin women. American Ethnologist, 17(1), 41–55.

Agier, M. (2018). L’étranger qui vient: Repenser l’hospitalité. Seuil.

Altin, R., Mencacci, E., Sanò, G., & Spada, S. (2017). (a cura di). Richiedenti asilo e sapere antropologico. Antropologia Pubblica, 3, 1.

Appadurai, A. (2013). The future as cultural fact. Essays on the global condition. Verso.

Barberis, E., & Pitzalis, S. (2021). Il supporto legale nel sistema di asilo/accoglienza italiano. Un’analisi socio-antropologica della performatività del diritto tra mandati istituzionali e pratiche giuridiche. Sociologia del Diritto, 3, 140–163.

Bear, L. (2014). Doubt, conflict, mediation: The anthropology of modern time. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 20(4), 3–30.

Beneduce, R. (2015). The moral economy of lying: Subjectcraft, narrative capital, and uncertainty in the politics of asylum. Medical Anthropology, 34(6), 551–571.

Bigo, D. (2012). Security, surveillance and democracy. In K. Ball, K. D. Haggerty, & D. Lyon (Eds.), Routledge handbook of surveillance studies (pp. 277–284). Routledge.

Bissell, D. (2007). Animating suspension: Waiting for mobilities. Mobilities, 2(2), 277–298.

Brun, C. (2016). There is no future in humanitarianism: Emergency, temporality and protracted displacement. History and Anthropology, 27(4), 393–410.

Bryant, R., & Knight, D. M. (2019). The anthropology of the future. Cambridge University Press.

Cabot, H. (2019). The European refugee crisis and humanitarian citizenship in Greece. Ethnos, 84(5), 747–771.

Çaglar, A. (2016). Still ‘migrants’ after all those years: Foundational mobilities, temporal frames and emplacement of migrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(6), 952–969.

Çağlar, A., & Glick Schiller, N. (2018). Migrants and city-making. Dispossession, displacement and urban regeneration. Duke University Press.

Collins, S. G. (2021). All tomorrow’s cultures: Anthropological engagements with the future. Berghahn.

Conlon, D. (2011). Waiting: Feminist perspectives on the spacings/timings of migrant (Im) mobility. Gender, Place and Culture, 18(3), 353–360.

Crapanzano, V. (1986). Waiting: The whites of South Africa. Paladin.

Cwerner, S. B. (2004). Faster, faster and faster: The time politics of Asylum in the UK. Time & Society, 13(1), 71–88.

Declich, F. & Pitzalis, S. (2021). (a cura di). Presenza migrante tra spazi urbani e non urbani. Etnografie su processi, dinamiche e modalità di accoglienza. Meltemi.

Della Puppa, F. & Sanò, G. (2021) (Eds.). Stuck and exploited: Refugees and asylum seekers in Italy between exclusion, discrimination, and struggles. Edizioni Ca’ Foscari.

Doob, L. (1978). Time: Cultural and social-anthropological aspects. In T. Carlstein, D. Parkas, & N. Thrift (Eds.), Timing space and spacing time (pp. 57–65). Arnold.

Eriksen, T. I. (2016). Overheating: An anthropology of accelerated change. Pluto Press.

Fabian, J. (1983). Of time and the other: How anthropology makes its object. Columbia University Press.

Fassin, D. & Pandolfi, M. (2010) (Eds.). Contemporary States of Emergency. New York Zone Books.

Fassin, D. (2011). La Force de l’ordre. Une anthropologie de la police des quartiers. Seuil.

Fassin, D. (2020). De l’inégalité des vies. ‘Leçons inaugurales.’ Fayard, Collège de France.

Gasparini, G. (1995). On waiting. Time & Society, 4(1), 29–45.

Gell, A. (1992). The anthropology of time. Berg.

Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity. Stanford University Press.

Giudici, D. (2021). Beyond compassionate aid: Precarious bureaucrats and dutiful asylum seekers in Italy. Cultural Anthropology, 36(1), 25–51.

Glick Schiller, N. (2018). Theorising transnational migration in our times: A multiscalar temporal perspective. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 8(4), 201–212.

Goldring, L. (2022). Precarious legal status trajectories as a method, and the work of legal status. Citizenship Studies, 26(4–5), 460–470.

Graeber, D. (2015). The Utopia of rules: On technology, stupidity, and the secret joys of bureaucracy. Melville House.

Greenhouse, C. (1989). Just in time: Temporality and the cultural legitimation of law. Yale Law Journal, 98(8), 1631–1651.

Greenhouse, C. (1996). A moment’s notice: Time politics across cultures. Cornell University Press.

Griffiths, M. (2014). Out of time: The temporal uncertainties of refugees, asylum seekers, and immigration detainees. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(12), 1991–2009.

Guyer, J. (2007). Prophecy and the near future: Thoughts on macroeconomic, evangelical, and punctuated time. American Ethnologist, 34(3), 409–421.

Haas, B. M. (2017). Citizens-in-waiting, deportees-in-waiting: Power, temporality, and suffering in the U.S. asylum system. Ethos, 45(1), 75–97.

Hage, G. (2009). Introduction. In G. Hage (Ed.), Waiting (pp. 1–12). Melbourne University Publishing.

Herzfeld, M. (1992). The social production of indifference. Chicago University Press.

Holmes, S. M., & Castañeda, H. (2016). Representing the ‘European Refugee Crisis’ in Germany and beyond: Deservingness and difference, life and death. American Ethnologist, 43(1), 12–24.

Jacobsen, C. M., Karlsen, M., & Khosravi, S. (2020). Waiting and the temporalities of irregular migration. Routledge.

Janeja, M. K. & Bandak, A. (2018) (Eds.). Ethnographies of waiting: doubt, hope and uncertainty. Bloomsbury Academic.

Khosravi, S. (2010). The ‘Illegal’ traveler: An auto-ethnography of borders. Palgrave Macmillan.

Kobelinsky, C. (2014). Le temps dilaté, l’espace rétréci. Le quotidien des demandeurs d’asile. Terrain, 63, 22–37.

Latour, B. (1991). Nous n ’avons jamais ete modernes: Essais d’anthropologie symmetrique. La Découverte.

Molé, N. J. (2010). Precarious subjects: Anticipating neoliberalism in Northern Italy’s workplace. American Anthropologist, 112(1), 38–53.

Moroşanu, R., & Ringel, F. (2016). Time-tricking: A general introduction. Cambridge Journal of Anthropology, 34(1), 17–21.

Munn, N. D. (1992). The cultural anthropology of time. A critical essay. Annual Review of Anthropology, 21, 93–123.

Nielsen, M. (2014). A wedge of time: Futures in the present and presents without futures in Maputo, Mozambique. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 20(1), 166–182.

Palumbo, B. (2015). Movimenti sociali, politica ed eterocronia in una città siciliana. Anuac, 4(1), 8–41.

Pinelli, B. (2011). Donne come le altre. Soggettività, relazioni e vita quotidiana nelle migrazioni delle donne verso l’Italia. EditPress.

Pinelli, B. (2018). Control and abandonment: The power of surveillance on refugees in Italy, during and after the Mare Nostrum operation. Antipode, 50(3), 725–747.

Pitt-Rivers, J. A. (2012). The law of hospitality. HAU. Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 2(1), 501–517.

Pitzalis, S. (2020). Il continuum dell’emergenza. criticità strutturali e mutamenti nel sistema di accoglienza prima e durante la pandemia da Covid-19. Illuminazioni, 9(53), 56–85.

Ramsay, G. (2020). Time and the other in crisis: How anthropology makes its displaced object. Anthropological Theory, 20(4), 385–413.

Riccio, B. (2016). Antropologia applicata, politiche migratorie e riflessività professionale. In I. Severi & N. Landi (a cura di), Going public. Percorsi di antropologia pubblica in Italia (pp. 203–220). CI.

Riccio, B. & Tarabusi, F. (2018). (a cura di). Dilemmi, mediazioni e pratiche nel lavoro dell’accoglienza rivolta a rifugiati e richiedenti asilo. Educazione Interculturale, 16, 1.

Rotter, R. (2016). Waiting in the asylum determination process: Just an empty interlude? Time & Society, 25(1), 80–101.

Schuster, L. (2011). Dublin II and Eurodac: Examining the (Un)intended(?) consequences. Gender, Place and Culture, 18(3), 401–416.

Schweizer, H. (2008). On waiting. Routledge.

Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. Yale University Press.

Sorgoni, B. (2011). (a cura di). Etnografia dell’accoglienza. Rifugiati e richiedenti asilo a Ravenna. CISU.

Ssorin-Chaikov, N. (2006). On heterochrony: Birthday gifts to stalin, 1949. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 12(2), 355–375.

Stewart, C. (2012). Dreaming and historical consciousness in Island Greece. Harvard University Press.

Strathern, M. (1996). Potential property: Intellectual rights and property in persons. Social Anthropology, 4(1), 17–32.

Strathern, M. (2005). Kinship, law and the unexpected: Relatives are always a surprise. Cambridge University Press.

Tarabusi, F. (2019). Building boundaries in making policies. Exploring the local construction of migrants in multicultural Italy. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(1), 273–290.

Textor, R. (1995). Why anticipatory anthropology? General Anthropology, 6(1), 1–2.

Tsing, A. L. (2015). The mushroom at the end of the world; on the possibility of life in capitalist ruins. Princeton University Press.

Tuckett, A. (2018). Rules, paper, status: Migrants and precarious bureaucracy in contemporary Italy. Stanford University Press.

Vanstone, W. H. (1982). The stature of waiting. Darton, Longman and Todd.

Vianelli, L., Gill, N., & Hoellere, N. (2021). Waiting as probation: Selecting self-disciplining asylum seekers. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(5), 1013–1032.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

1-17

Thông tin tác giả