Wiley

Bài viết này mô tả sự phát triển mới nhất của một cách tiếp cận tổng quát để phát hiện và hình dung các xu hướng nổi bật và các kiểu tạm thời trong văn học khoa học. Công trình này đóng góp đáng kể về lý thuyết và phương pháp luận cho việc hình dung các lĩnh vực tri thức tiến bộ. Một đặc điểm là chuyên ngành được khái niệm hóa và hình dung như một sự đối ngẫu theo thời gian giữa hai khái niệm cơ bản trong khoa học thông tin: các mặt trận nghiên cứu và nền tảng trí tuệ. Một mặt trận nghiên cứu được định nghĩa như một nhóm nổi bật và nhất thời của các khái niệm và các vấn đề nghiên cứu nền tảng. Nền tảng trí tuệ của một mặt trận nghiên cứu là dấu chân trích dẫn và đồng trích dẫn của nó trong văn học khoa học—một mạng lưới phát triển của các ấn phẩm khoa học được trích dẫn bởi các khái niệm mặt trận nghiên cứu. Thuật toán phát hiện bùng nổ của Kleinberg (2002) được điều chỉnh để nhận dạng các khái niệm mặt trận nghiên cứu nổi bật. Thước đo độ trung gian của Freeman (1979) được sử dụng để làm nổi bật các điểm chuyển đổi tiềm năng như các điểm chịu ảnh hưởng nền tảng trong thời gian. Hai quan điểm hình dung bổ sung được thiết kế và thực hiện: các quan điểm cụm và các quan điểm vùng thời gian. Những đóng góp của phương pháp là (a) bản chất của một nền tảng trí tuệ được nhận diện bằng thuật toán và theo thời gian bởi các thuật ngữ mặt trận nghiên cứu nổi bật, (b) giá trị của một cụm đồng trích dẫn được diễn giải rõ ràng theo các khái niệm mặt trận nghiên cứu, và (c) các điểm chịu ảnh hưởng nổi bật và được phát hiện bằng thuật toán giảm đáng kể độ phức tạp của một mạng lưới đã được hình dung. Quá trình mô hình hóa và hình dung được thực hiện trong CiteSpace II, một ứng dụng Java, và áp dụng vào phân tích hai lĩnh vực nghiên cứu: tuyệt chủng hàng loạt (1981–2004) và khủng bố (1990–2003). Các xu hướng nổi bật và các điểm chịu ảnh hưởng trong mạng lưới được hình dung đã được xác minh phối hợp với các chuyên gia trong lĩnh vực, là tác giả của các bài báo chịu ảnh hưởng. Các ngụ ý thực tiễn của công trình được thảo luận. Một số thách thức và cơ hội cho các nghiên cứu sau này được xác định.

Bias quantification of retrieval functions with the help of document retrievability scores has recently evolved as an important evaluation measure for recall‐oriented retrieval applications. While numerous studies have evaluated retrieval bias of retrieval functions, solid validation of its impact on realistic types of queries is still limited. This is due to the lack of well‐accepted criteria for query generation for estimating retrievability. Commonly, random queries are used for approximating documents retrievability due to the prohibitively large query space and time involved in processing all queries. Additionally, a cumulative retrievability score of documents over all queries is used for analyzing retrieval functions (retrieval) bias. However, this approach does not consider the difference between different query characteristics (QCs) and their influence on retrieval functions' bias quantification. This article provides an in‐depth study of retrievability over different QCs. It analyzes the correlation of lower/higher retrieval bias with different query characteristics. The presence of strong correlation between retrieval bias and query characteristics in experiments indicates the possibility of determining retrieval bias of retrieval functions without processing an exhaustive query set. Experiments are validated on TREC Chemical Retrieval Track consisting of 1.2 million patent documents.

This study investigated Simon's behavioral decision‐making theories of bounded rationality and satisficing in relation to young people's decision making in the World Wide Web, and considered the role of personal preferences in Web‐based decisions. It employed a qualitative research methodology involving group interviews with 22 adolescent females. Data analysis took the form of iterative pattern coding using QSR NUD*IST Vivo qualitative data analysis software. Data analysis revealed that the study participants did operate within the limits of bounded rationality. These limits took the form of time constraints, information overload, and physical constraints. Data analysis also uncovered two major satisficing behaviors—reduction and termination. Personal preference was found to play a major role in Web site evaluation in the areas of graphic/multimedia and subject content preferences. This study has related implications for Web site designers and for adult intermediaries who work with young people and the Web.

In the Web, making judgments of information quality and authority is a difficult task for most users because overall, there is no quality control mechanism. This study examines the problem of the judgment of information quality and cognitive authority by observing people's searching behavior in the Web. Its purpose is to understand the various factors that influence people's judgment of quality and authority in the Web, and the effects of those judgments on selection behaviors. Fifteen scholars from diverse disciplines participated, and data were collected combining verbal protocols during the searches, search logs, and postsearch interviews. It was found that the subjects made two distinct kinds of judgment: predictive judgment, and evaluative judgment. The factors influencing each judgment of quality and authority were identified in terms of characteristics of information objects, characteristics of sources, knowledge, situation, ranking in search output, and general assumption. Implications for Web design that will effectively support people's judgments of quality and authority are also discussed.

In this article, we report results of an investigation into the effect of sponsored links on ecommerce information seeking on the Web. In this research, 56 participants each engaged in six ecommerce Web searching tasks. We extracted these tasks from the transaction log of a Web search engine, so they represent actual ecommerce searching information needs. Using 60 organic and 30 sponsored Web links, the quality of the Web search engine results was controlled by switching nonsponsored and sponsored links on half of the tasks for each participant. This allowed for investigating the bias toward sponsored links while controlling for quality of content. The study also investigated the relationship between searching self‐efficacy, searching experience, types of ecommerce information needs, and the order of links on the viewing of sponsored links. Data included 2,453 interactions with links from result pages and 961 utterances evaluating these links. The results of the study indicate that there is a strong preference for nonsponsored links, with searchers viewing these results first more than 82% of the time. Searching self‐efficacy and experience does not increase the likelihood of viewing sponsored links, and the order of the result listing does not appear to affect searcher evaluation of sponsored links. The implications for sponsored links as a long‐term business model are discussed.

Social tagging is one of the major phenomena transforming the World Wide Web from a static platform into an actively shared information space. This paper addresses various aspects of social tagging, including different views on the nature of social tagging, how to make use of social tags, and how to bridge social tagging with other Web functionalities; it discusses the use of facets to facilitate browsing and searching of tagging data; and it presents an analogy between bibliometrics and tagometrics, arguing that established bibliometric methodologies can be applied to analyze tagging behavior on the Web. Based on the Upper Tag Ontology (UTO), a Web crawler was built to harvest tag data from Delicious, Flickr, and YouTube in September 2007. In total, 1.8 million objects, including bookmarks, photos, and videos, 3.1 million taggers, and 12.1 million tags were collected and analyzed. Some tagging patterns and variations are identified and discussed.

This article provides an overview of studies that have used citation analysis in the field of humanities in the period 1951 to 2010. The work is based on an exhaustive search in databases—particularly those in library and information science—and on citation chaining from papers on citation analysis. The results confirm that use of this technique in the humanities is limited, and although there was some growth in the 1970s and 1980s, it has stagnated in the past 2 decades. Most of the work has been done by research staff, but almost one third involves library staff, and 15% has been done by students. The study also showed that less than one fourth of the works used a citation database such as the Arts & Humanities Citation Index and that 21% of the works were in publications other than library and information science journals. The United States has the greatest output, and English is by far the most frequently used language, and 13.9% of the studies are in other languages.

This paper revises David Ellis's information‐seeking behavior model of social scientists, which includes six generic features: starting, chaining, browsing, differentiating, monitoring, and extracting. The paper uses social science faculty researching stateless nations as the study population. The description and analysis of the information‐seeking behavior of this group of scholars is based on data collected through structured and semi‐structured electronic mail interviews. Sixty faculty members from 14 different countries were interviewed by e‐mail. For reality check purposes, face‐to‐face interviews with five faculty members were also conducted. Although the study confirmed Ellis's model, it found that a fuller description of the information‐seeking process of social scientists studying stateless nations should include four additional features besides those identified by Ellis. These new features are: accessing, networking, verifying, and information managing. In view of that, the study develops a new model, which, unlike Ellis's, groups all the features into four interrelated stages: searching, accessing, processing, and ending. This new model is fully described and its implications on research and practice are discussed. How and why scholars studied here are different than other academic social scientists is also discussed.

This article studies citation practices in the arts and humanities from a theoretical and conceptual viewpoint, drawing on studies from fields like linguistics, history, library & information science, and the sociology of science. The use of references in the humanities is discussed in connection with the growing interest in the possibilities of applying citation analysis to humanistic disciplines. The study shows how the use of references within the humanities is connected to concepts of originality, to intellectual organization, and to searching and writing. Finally, it is acknowledged that the use of references is connected to stylistic, epistemological, and organizational differences, and these differences must be taken into account when applying citation analysis to humanistic disciplines.

The goal of research evaluation is to reveal the achievement and progress of research. Research output offers a basis for empirical evaluation. A fair and just research evaluation should take into account the diversity of research output across disciplines and include all major forms of research publications. This article reviews the literature on the nature of research output in social sciences and humanities in terms of the characteristics of research publications, and then discusses the implications for the research evaluation of social sciences and humanities researchers.