Altered expression of schizophrenia-related genes in mice lacking mGlu5 receptorsSpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 268 - Trang 77-87 - 2016
Alessia Luoni, Peter Gass, Paolo Brambilla, Mirella Ruggeri, Marco A. Riva, Dragos Inta
The evidence underlying the so-called glutamatergic hypothesis ranges from NMDA receptor hypofunction to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory circuits in specific brain structures. Among all glutamatergic system components, metabotropic receptors play a main role in regulating neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. Here, we investigated, using qRT-PCR and western blot, consequences in the hippocampus and prefrontal/frontal cortex (PFC/FC) of mice with a genetic deletion of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5), addressing key components of the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. We found that mGlu5 knockout (KO) mice showed a significant reduction of reelin, GAD65, GAD67 and parvalbumin mRNA levels, which is specific for the PFC/FC, and that is paralleled by a significant reduction of protein levels in male KO mice. We next analyzed the main NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits, namely GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B and GluA1, and we found that mGlu5 deletion determined a significant reduction of their mRNA levels, also within the hippocampus, with differences between the two genders. Our data suggest that neurochemical abnormalities impinging the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems may be responsible for the behavioral phenotype associated with mGlu5 KO animals and point to the close interaction of these molecular players for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. These data could contribute to a better understanding of the involvement of mGlu5 alterations in the molecular imbalance between excitation and inhibition underlying the emergence of a schizophrenic-like phenotype and to understand the potential of mGlu5 modulators in reversing the deficits characterizing the schizophrenic pathology.
Metacognitive training for psychosis (MCT): past, present, and futureSpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 273 Số 4 - Trang 811-817 - 2023
Steffen Moritz, Mahesh Menon, Ryan Balzan, Todd S. Woodward
AbstractThis article provides an overview and retrospective on metacognitive training for psychosis (MCT), which first appeared approximately 2 decades ago. We recount how our empirical understanding of psychosis at that time led to the first preliminary version of the program. We describe setbacks and challenges that led to major changes, including revisions to existing modules (e.g., more focus on metacognitive variables, particularly on decision confidence as one of the primary targets of treatment) and the creation of new modules addressing mood, as well as attempts to improve sustainability of effects via homework exercises and a smartphone app (www.uke.de/mct_app). We have also enhanced dissemination efforts by creating new culturally sensitive language versions and facilitating low-threshold training through e-learning courses (www.uke.de/e-mct). Finally, we discuss several meta-analyses on the efficacy of MCT that have been published over the last decade. While reviews were initially inconsistent, possibly reflecting the insufficient statistical power and lower design quality of the first MCT studies, more recent meta-analyses have confirmed the efficacy of MCT on positive symptoms, insight, and cognitive biases, which has led to the inclusion of MCT in some national treatment guidelines for schizophrenia.
Growth hormone response to apomorphine in panic disorder: Comparison with major depression and normal controlsSpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 245 - Trang 306-308 - 1995
William Pitchot, Michel Hansenne, Antonio Gonzalez Moreno, Marc Ansseau
Several lines of evidence suggest that dopamine might be involved in anxiety states. In the present study we assessed the growth hormone (GH) response to 0.5 mg apomorphine (a dopaminergic agonist) in 10 male drug-free inpatients meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for panic disorder who were compared with 10 male major depressive inpatients and 10 male normal controls. The three groups differed significantly in the GH peak response (mean ± SD): 27.8±12.5 ng/ml in panics, 5.4±4.0 ng/ml in major depressives, and 25.8±11.3 ng/ml in normal controls (F(2,27)=15.3;P=0.00003). Although there were significant differences between panics and major depressives (P=0.00004), and between major depressives and controls (P=0.00004), panics did not significantly differ from controls. These results do not support the hypothesis of an overlap between panic and affective disorders, and suggest that the hypothalamo-GH-somatomedin axis could be intact in panic disorder.
Treatment of schizophrenia and delusional disorder in the elderlySpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 247 - Trang 209-218 - 1997
John H. Eastham, Dilip V. Jeste
With increasing longevity, greater numbers of patients with schizophrenia and delusional disorder will be surviving into advanced age. Antipsychotics form the core of the treatment for both of these psychotic disorders. Treatment of elderly patients with antipsychotics is, however, complicated by a much higher risk of adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia. More is known about treating patients with schizophrenia than those with delusional disorder. The introduction of newer atypical antipsychotics may herald a new era in the pharmacotherapy of elderly psychotic patients. Nonetheless, judicious dosing is essential in the geriatric population. We discuss the benefits and limitations of the main forms of treatment.
Vấn đề của thuật ngữ được gọi là Simultanagnosie Dịch bởi AI Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 198 - Trang 39-67 - 1958
Wilfried Rasch
Trong một bệnh nhân có tiến trình thoái hóa não chủ yếu theo kiểu thùy, các rối loạn của sự nhận thức tổng thể về tình huống được mô tả bằng hình ảnh (Simultanagnosie), bên cạnh những khó khăn trong việc tìm kiếm từ, ngữ âm sai, rối loạn viết, rối loạn tính toán và suy giảm trí nhớ, đã được phân tích. "Trí tuệ của sự nhận thức" bị rối loạn thể hiện như một sự trì trệ trong hoạt động có nghĩa của nó. Bệnh nhân không thể sắp xếp các cấu trúc vào một thực tại cảm nhận, không có khả năng xây dựng một "hình dạng". Do rối loạn của việc "bỏ sót", khả năng nhìn tổng quát của trường cảm nhận đã bị ảnh hưởng. Khi "cần tìm kiếm có nghĩa diễn ra một cách nhanh chóng", đã xảy ra hiện tượng ảo giác có nghĩa trong những đơn vị nghĩa được hình thành một cách ngắn gọn. Các bản vẽ của bệnh nhân, được đặc trưng bởi sự thụt lùi của hình dạng so với "hình thái" của đối tượng, được phân loại là "rối loạn tạo hình không gian". Ý nghĩa của các rối loạn đối với cuộc sống của bệnh nhân làm sáng tỏ sự từ bỏ cảm nhận của họ và sự thiếu tự tin của họ đối với một thế giới trở nên xâm lấn hơn, không còn "được đặt ra".
#Simultanagnosie #rối loạn nhận thức #thoái hóa não #trí tuệ cảm nhận