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Orientation polarization and hindered rotation in the view of thermodynamics
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 3 - Trang 1-5 - 2017
Walter Langel
The orientation polarization of dipoles in an electric field is evaluated in textbooks directly by averaging over a Boltzmann distribution yielding the Langevin function. Here, the interaction of a dipole with a field is considered as a special case of the hindered rotation in an external single fold potential. The partition function of the system is explicitly calculated first. From this function...... hiện toàn bộ
Freeze drying: a novel method for preparation of solid analytical tungsten and molybdenum standards
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 4 - Trang 1-12 - 2018
Tuan A. Dang, Hans-Joachim Lunk
The lecture lesson starts with a brief review of freeze-drying history, its scientific basics, and numerous applications. Freeze drying is also a new effective method to prepare solid analytical standards, which is superior to the conventional methods blending and spiking. The freezing process in liquid nitrogen is completed in fractions of a second. Hence, the original homogeneous distribution of...... hiện toàn bộ
Understanding Lewis activities
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 5 - Trang 1-50 - 2019
Jean-Louis Burgot
The notion of activity is of a purely thermodynamic nature. It is intimately linked to the law of mass action and more generally to that of equilibrium constant. It was conceived and introduced in the realm of chemistry at the beginning of twentieth century by Lewis (Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 37:49‒69, 1901; Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 43:259‒293, 1907; J Am Chem Soc 30:668‒683, 1908) and Lewis and Randall ...... hiện toàn bộ
A tutorial on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - - 2020
Mark E. Orazem, Bernard Tribollet
ChemTexts—The Textbook Journal of Chemistry
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 1 Số 1 - 2015
Fritz Scholz
Voltammetric techniques of analysis: the essentials
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 1 - Trang 1-24 - 2015
Fritz Scholz
This text is written for a course on instrumental methods of quantitative analysis. It summarizes the basic concepts of modern voltammetric techniques of analysis. The guiding concept of this text is to demonstrate how the ratio of faradaic to capacitive currents decides about the sensitivity of the techniques, and how this ratio can be increased by electronics, electrode construction and by chem...... hiện toàn bộ
Speciation analysis in chemistry
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 7 - Trang 1-17 - 2021
Waldo Quiroz
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) definition of a chemical species is a “specific form of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular structure.” The composition and structure of the specific forms determine their properties, including their toxicity. This has important social consequences at the level of int...... hiện toàn bộ
The short form of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of Chemical Elements: toolbox for learning the basics of inorganic chemistry. A contribution to celebrate 150 years of the Periodic Table in 2019
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 4 - Trang 1-13 - 2018
Alexander A. Andriiko, Hans-Joachim Lunk
A condensed overview about the forefathers’ and Mendeleev’s contribution to the compilation of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements is presented. Milestones en route to the modern Periodic Table are ‘electrification’ of the Periodic Law, discovery of the rare-earth elements and the noble gases, investigation of the atomic structure and discovery of the transuranic elements. Then the contributio...... hiện toàn bộ
Colour maps of acid–base titrations with colour indicators: how to choose the appropriate indicator and how to estimate the systematic titration errors
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 2 - Trang 1-28 - 2016
Heike Kahlert, Gabriele Meyer, Anja Albrecht
To recognise the end point of acid–base titrations, colour indicators are still frequently used. Colour indicators can cause systematic errors, and the theoretical evaluation of these errors is given in many textbooks. Random errors caused by the transition range of an indicator can also be estimated with the help of pH-logc i diagrams. However, very often, undergraduate st...... hiện toàn bộ
The history of chemical laboratories: a thematic approach
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 7 - Trang 1-18 - 2021
Peter J. T. Morris
Chemical laboratories have existed since the late sixteenth century. Two basic designs have dominated this history: a furnace-centred laboratory based on earlier alchemical workshops up to around 1820 and then a design based on the use of the Bunsen burner with benches and bottle racks since the 1850s (the “classical” laboratory). New designs with a focus on health and safety began to appear at th...... hiện toàn bộ
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