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Orientation polarization and hindered rotation in the view of thermodynamics
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 3 - Trang 1-5 - 2017
The orientation polarization of dipoles in an electric field is evaluated in
textbooks directly by averaging over a Boltzmann distribution yielding the
Langevin function. Here, the interaction of a dipole with a field is considered
as a special case of the hindered rotation in an external single fold potential.
The partition function of the system is explicitly calculated first. From this
function...
Freeze drying: a novel method for preparation of solid analytical tungsten and molybdenum standards
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 4 - Trang 1-12 - 2018
The lecture lesson starts with a brief review of freeze-drying history, its
scientific basics, and numerous applications. Freeze drying is also a new
effective method to prepare solid analytical standards, which is superior to the
conventional methods blending and spiking. The freezing process in liquid
nitrogen is completed in fractions of a second. Hence, the original homogeneous
distribution of...
Understanding Lewis activities
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 5 - Trang 1-50 - 2019
The notion of activity is of a purely thermodynamic nature. It is intimately
linked to the law of mass action and more generally to that of equilibrium
constant. It was conceived and introduced in the realm of chemistry at the
beginning of twentieth century by Lewis (Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 37:49‒69, 1901;
Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 43:259‒293, 1907; J Am Chem Soc 30:668‒683, 1908) and
Lewis and Randall ...
A tutorial on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - - 2020
ChemTexts—The Textbook Journal of Chemistry
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 1 Số 1 - 2015
Speciation analysis in chemistry
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 7 - Trang 1-17 - 2021
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) definition of a
chemical species is a “specific form of an element defined as to isotopic
composition, electronic or oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular
structure.” The composition and structure of the specific forms determine their
properties, including their toxicity. This has important social consequences at
the level of int...
Voltammetric techniques of analysis: the essentials
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 1 - Trang 1-24 - 2015
This text is written for a course on instrumental methods of quantitative
analysis. It summarizes the basic concepts of modern voltammetric techniques of
analysis. The guiding concept of this text is to demonstrate how the ratio of
faradaic to capacitive currents decides about the sensitivity of the techniques,
and how this ratio can be increased by electronics, electrode construction and
by chemi...
The short form of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of Chemical Elements: toolbox for learning the basics of inorganic chemistry. A contribution to celebrate 150 years of the Periodic Table in 2019
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 4 - Trang 1-13 - 2018
A condensed overview about the forefathers’ and Mendeleev’s contribution to the
compilation of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements is presented. Milestones
en route to the modern Periodic Table are ‘electrification’ of the Periodic Law,
discovery of the rare-earth elements and the noble gases, investigation of the
atomic structure and discovery of the transuranic elements. Then the
contributio...
Colour maps of acid–base titrations with colour indicators: how to choose the appropriate indicator and how to estimate the systematic titration errors
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 2 - Trang 1-28 - 2016
To recognise the end point of acid–base titrations, colour indicators are still
frequently used. Colour indicators can cause systematic errors, and the
theoretical evaluation of these errors is given in many textbooks. Random errors
caused by the transition range of an indicator can also be estimated with the
help of pH-logc i diagrams. However, very often, undergraduate students have
problems to ...
The history of chemical laboratories: a thematic approach
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 7 - Trang 1-18 - 2021
Chemical laboratories have existed since the late sixteenth century. Two basic
designs have dominated this history: a furnace-centred laboratory based on
earlier alchemical workshops up to around 1820 and then a design based on the
use of the Bunsen burner with benches and bottle racks since the 1850s (the
“classical” laboratory). New designs with a focus on health and safety began to
appear at th...
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