Orientation polarization and hindered rotation in the view of thermodynamicsSpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 3 - Trang 1-5 - 2017
Walter Langel
The orientation polarization of dipoles in an electric field is evaluated in textbooks directly by averaging over a Boltzmann distribution yielding the Langevin function. Here, the interaction of a dipole with a field is considered as a special case of the hindered rotation in an external single fold potential. The partition function of the system is explicitly calculated first. From this function...... hiện toàn bộ
Freeze drying: a novel method for preparation of solid analytical tungsten and molybdenum standardsSpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 4 - Trang 1-12 - 2018
Tuan A. Dang, Hans-Joachim Lunk
The lecture lesson starts with a brief review of freeze-drying history, its scientific basics, and numerous applications. Freeze drying is also a new effective method to prepare solid analytical standards, which is superior to the conventional methods blending and spiking. The freezing process in liquid nitrogen is completed in fractions of a second. Hence, the original homogeneous distribution of...... hiện toàn bộ
Understanding Lewis activitiesSpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 5 - Trang 1-50 - 2019
Jean-Louis Burgot
The notion of activity is of a purely thermodynamic nature. It is intimately linked to the law of mass action and more generally to that of equilibrium constant. It was conceived and introduced in the realm of chemistry at the beginning of twentieth century by Lewis (Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 37:49‒69, 1901; Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 43:259‒293, 1907; J Am Chem Soc 30:668‒683, 1908) and Lewis and Randall ...... hiện toàn bộ
Voltammetric techniques of analysis: the essentialsSpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 1 - Trang 1-24 - 2015
Fritz Scholz
This text is written for a course on instrumental methods of quantitative analysis. It summarizes the basic concepts of modern
voltammetric techniques of analysis. The guiding concept of this text is to demonstrate how the ratio of faradaic to capacitive currents decides about the sensitivity of the techniques, and how this ratio can be increased by electronics, electrode construction and by chem...... hiện toàn bộ
Speciation analysis in chemistrySpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 7 - Trang 1-17 - 2021
Waldo Quiroz
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) definition of a chemical species is a “specific form of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular structure.” The composition and structure of the specific forms determine their properties, including their toxicity. This has important social consequences at the level of int...... hiện toàn bộ
The history of chemical laboratories: a thematic approachSpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 7 - Trang 1-18 - 2021
Peter J. T. Morris
Chemical laboratories have existed since the late sixteenth century. Two basic designs have dominated this history: a furnace-centred laboratory based on earlier alchemical workshops up to around 1820 and then a design based on the use of the Bunsen burner with benches and bottle racks since the 1850s (the “classical” laboratory). New designs with a focus on health and safety began to appear at th...... hiện toàn bộ