The fiberization of affine systems via dual Gramian techniques, which was developed in previous papers of the authors, is applied here for the study of affine frames that have an affine dual system. Gramian techniques are also used to verify whether a dual pair of affine frames is also a pair of bi-orthogonal Riesz bases. A general method for a painless derivation of a dual pair of affine frames f...... hiện toàn bộ