Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
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Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society - Tập 106 Số 447 - Trang 85-100 - 1980
AbstractWhen the atmospheric turbulent flux of a minor constituent such as CO2
(or of water vapour as a special case) is measured by either the eddy covariance
or the mean gradient technique, account may need to be taken of variations of
the constituent's density due to the presence of a flux of heat and/or water
vapour. In this paper the basic relationships are discussed in the context of
vertica...
Drop‐size distribution in cloud and fog
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society - Tập 77 Số 333 - Trang 418-426 - 1951
AbstractExperimental data relating to drop‐size distribution in cloud and fog
are examined and it is shown that in many cases the size distribution can be
represented by the formula where F is the fraction of liquid water in the air
comprised by drops with diameter less than x. The constant a increases with the
liquid water content of the cloud. It is not clear what governs the value of the
consta...
Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society - Tập 126 Số 564 - Trang 941-990 - 2000
AbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive, critical review of turbulence
observations over cities. More than fifty studies are analysed with their
experimental conditions summarized in an appendix. The main results are based on
14 high‐quality experiments which met criteria based on stringent experimental
requirements. The observations are presented as non‐dimensional statistics to
facilitate co...
A two‐layer canopy compensation point model for describing bi‐directional biosphere‐atmosphere exchange of ammonia
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society - Tập 127 Số 573 - Trang 815-833 - 2001
AbstractA new resistance model is described to interpret the
biosphere‐atmosphere exchange fluxes of ammonia (NH3) with vegetation, and
compared with previous modelling approaches for NH3. The new model constitutes
an extension of an existing one‐layer canopy compensation point model: in
addition to bi‐directional foliar stomatal exchange and deposition to leaf
cuticles, the model treats NH3 emiss...
Real‐time radar–rain‐gauge merging using spatio‐temporal co‐kriging with external drift in the alpine terrain of Switzerland
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society - Tập 140 Số 680 - Trang 1097-1111 - 2014
AbstractThe problem of the optimal combination of rain‐gauge measurements and
radar precipitation estimates has been investigated. A method that attempts to
generalize well‐established geostatistical techniques, such as kriging with
external drift, is presented. The new method, besides allowing spatial
information to be incorporated into the modelling and estimation process, also
allows temporal i...
An assessment of kriging‐based rain‐gauge–radar merging techniques
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society - Tập 141 Số 691 - Trang 2300-2313 - 2015
Networks of rain‐gauges provide an accurate but highly localized measure of
rainfall, with limited coverage and resolution, whereas radars provide rain‐rate
and accumulation estimates over wide areas at high spatial and temporal
resolution but low accuracy. When quantifying rainfall accumulations for
applications such as flood forecasting, combining the two sets of data can be
beneficial for produ...
AIRS channel selection for CO2 and other trace‐gas retrievals
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society - Tập 129 Số 593 - Trang 2719-2740 - 2003
AbstractNew high‐resolution infrared sounders, such as the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration's Aqua satellite Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) or
the European Meteorological Satellite systems, MetOp Infrared Atmospheric
Sounding Instrument (IASI), are expected to improve our capability to monitor
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace‐gas concentrations from space.
As they...
Temperature and salinity dependence of sea surface emissivity in the thermal infrared
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society - Tập 131 Số 610 - Trang 2539-2557 - 2005
AbstractAircraft and ground‐based interferometer measurements are used to
investigate the dependence of sea surface emissivity on water temperature and
salinity in the infrared spectral region. The effect of dissolved salts is found
to be small and in line with previous studies, whereas temperature (often
neglected in current emissivity models) has a greater impact. The influence on
satellite sea ...
Dependence of sea surface emissivity on temperature‐dependent refractive index
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society - Tập 134 Số 631 - Trang 541-545 - 2008
AbstractTheoretical calculations of emissivity difference, Δε, with changing of
water temperature from 301 to 279 K are performed at 820 cm−1 using the
temperature‐dependent refractive index of sea water recently proposed by Newman
and co‐workers. The results are compared with the calculations using the
temperature‐dependent refractive index presented in 1977 by Pinkley and
co‐workers. The differe...
The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society - Tập 96 Số 408 - Trang 320-325 - 1970
AbstractThe probable importance of NO and NO2 in controlling the ozone
concentrations and production rates in the stratosphere is pointed out.
Observations on and determinations of nitric acid concentrations in the
stratosphere by Murcray, Kyle, Murcray and Williams (1968) and Rhine, Tubbs and
Dudley Williams (1969) support the high NO and NO2 concentrations indicated by
Bates and Hays (1967).Some...
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