Entropies such as the Shannon–Wiener and Gini–Simpson indices are not themselves
diversities. Conversion of these to effective number of species is the key to a
unified and intuitive interpretation of diversity. Effective numbers of species
derived from standard diversity indices share a common set of intuitive
mathematical properties and behave as one would expect of a diversity, while raw
indice... hiện toàn bộ
In its simplest definition, a trait is a surrogate of organismal performance,
and this meaning of the term has been used by evolutionists for a long time.
Over the last three decades, developments in community and ecosystem ecology
have forced the concept of trait beyond these original boundaries, and
trait‐based approaches are now widely used in studies ranging from the level of
organisms to that... hiện toàn bộ
It is clear that the majority of flowering plants are pollinated by insects and
other animals, with a minority utilising abiotic pollen vectors, mainly wind.
However there is no accurate published calculation of the proportion of the ca
352 000 species of angiosperms that interact with pollinators. Widely cited
figures range from 67% to 96% but these have not been based on firm data. We
estimated ... hiện toàn bộ
James H. McCutchan, William M. Lewis, Carol Kendall, Claire C. McGrath
Use of stable isotope ratios to trace pathways of organic matter among consumers
requires knowledge of the isotopic shift between diet and consumer. Variation in
trophic shift among consumers can be substantial. For data from the published
literature and supplementary original data (excluding fluid‐feeding consumers),
the mean isotopic shift for C was +0.5±0.13‰ rather than 0.0‰, as commonly
assum... hiện toàn bộ
It has become increasingly clear that life‐history patterns among the
vertebrates have been shaped by the plethora and variety of immunological risks
associated with parasitic faunas in their environments. Immunological competence
could very well be the most important determinant of life‐time reproductive
success and fitness for many species. It is generally assumed by evolutionary
ecologists that... hiện toàn bộ