Ecology
0012-9658
1939-9170
Mỹ
Cơ quản chủ quản: Wiley-Blackwell , WILEY
Lĩnh vực:
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Phân tích ảnh hưởng
Thông tin về tạp chí
Established in 1920, Ecology publishes research and synthesis papers on all aspects of ecology, with particular emphasis on papers that develop new concepts in ecology, that test ecological theory, or that lead to an increased appreciation for the diversity of ecological phenomena. Theoretical, analytical, experimental, empirical, historical, and descriptive approaches are all appropriate, though preference is given to research and synthesis that leads to generalizations potentially applicable to other species, populations, communities, or ecosystems. Included within the journal are papers on physiological responses of individual organisms to their biotic and abiotic environments, ecological genetics and evolution, the structure and dynamics of populations, interactions among individuals of the same or different species, the behavior of individuals and groups of organisms, the organization of biological communities, landscape ecology, and ecosystems processes. Papers reporting ecological research on all kinds of organisms and ecosystems are welcome. New methodologies with a potential for broad use in ecology are also of interest. Papers that are well grounded in ecological theory and have broad implications for environmental policy or resource management may be well suited for publication in Ecological Applications, but are also welcome in Ecology if they meet the general criteria described above.
Các bài báo tiêu biểu
Synergism and context dependency of interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia with a prairie legume Biotic interactions play primary roles in major theories of the distribution and abundance of species, yet the nature of these biotic interactions can depend upon the larger ecological community. Leguminous plants, for example, commonly associate with both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia bacteria, and the pairwise interactions may depend upon the presence or identity of the third partner. To determine if the dynamics of plant–AMF and plant–rhizobia interactions are affected by the alternate symbiont, we manipulated the presence and identity of each symbiont, as well as levels of the nutrients supplied by each symbiont (nitrogen and phosphorus), on the growth of prairie legume Amorpha canescens . We found strong synergistic effects of AMF and rhizobia inoculation on plant biomass production that were independent of nutrient levels. AMF and rhizobia responses were each influenced by the other, but not in the same direction. AMF infection increased root nodule number and mass, but rhizobia inoculation decreased AMF hyphal colonization of roots. The relative benefits of each combination of symbionts depended upon phosphorus level. The effect of nitrogen was also contingent on the biotic environment where nitrogen addition decreased nodulation, but this decrease was reduced with coinfection by AMF. Our results demonstrate a strong contingency on the co‐occurrence of AMF and rhizobia for the long‐term fitness of A. canescens , and suggest that the belowground community is critical for the success of this species in tallgrass prairies.
Tập 95 Số 4 - Trang 1045-1054 - 2014
Defoliation and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi shape plant communities in overgrazed semiarid grasslands Abstract Overgrazing substantially contributes to global grassland degradation by decreasing plant community productivity and diversity through trampling, defoliation, and removal of nutrients. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi also play a critical role in plant community diversity, composition, and primary productivity, maintaining ecosystem functions. However, interactions between grazing disturbances, such as trampling and defoliation, and AM fungi in grassland communities are not well known. We examined influences of trampling, defoliation, and AM fungi on semiarid grassland plant community composition for 3 yr, by comparing all combinations of these factors. Benomyl fungicide was applied to reduce AM fungal abundance. Overgrazing typically resulted in reduced dominance of Stipa Krylovii , contributing to degradation of typical steppe grasslands. Our results indicated trampling generally had little effect on plant community composition, unless combined with defoliation or AM fungal suppression. Defoliation was the main component of grazing that promoted dominance of Potentilla acaulis over Stipa krylovii and Artemisia frigida , presumably by alleviating light limitation. In non‐defoliated plots, AM fungi promoted A. frigida , with a concomitant reduction in S. krylovii growth compared to corresponding AM suppressed plots. Our results indicate AM fungi and defoliation jointly suppress S. krylovii biomass; however, prolonged defoliation weakens mycorrhizal influence on plant community composition. These findings give new insight into dominant plant species shifts in degraded semiarid grasslands.
Tập 99 Số 8 - Trang 1847-1856 - 2018
Litter Decomposition on the Mauna Loa Environmental Matrix, Hawai'i: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Models We determined controls on litter decomposition and nutrient release for the widespread native tree Metrosideros polymorpha in 11 sites arrayed on gradients of elevation, precipitation, and substrate age on Hawaiian lava flows. The effects of site characteristics were evaluated using three common substrates (Metrosideros leaf litter from one of the sites, wood dowels, and filter paper) decomposed in each of the sites, and the inherent decomposability of tissue (substrate quality) was evaluated using Metrosideros leaf litter from each of the sites decomposed in a common site. Site characteristics were responsible for most of the variation in rates of decomposition in the range of sites and substrates examined. Common substrates decomposed much more rapidly in warm, low elevation sites; apparent Q1 0 values, calculated on the basis of variation in mean annual temperature with elevation on individual lava flows, ranged from 4 to 11. Litter decomposed slowly in the dry sites, but leaf litter produced in the dry sites decomposed more than twice as rapidly as litter from wet sites when both were measured in the same site. The higher substrate quality of litter from dry sites could be due to trade—offs among nutrient—use efficiency, water—use efficiency, and carbon gain by water—limited Metrosideros. We used these results to test a revision of the CENTURY soil organic matter model that had been designed to simulate the decomposition of surface litter. Simulations accurately matched the pattern but underestimated the magnitude of among—site differences in the decomposition of common substrates in a range of sites. Analyses of both field and simulation results suggested that the decomposition of Metrosideros leaf litter could be limited by nitrogen availability.
Tập 75 Số 2 - Trang 418-429 - 1994
CLIMATE AND DISTURBANCE FORCING OF EPISODIC TREE RECRUITMENT IN A SOUTHWESTERN PONDEROSA PINE LANDSCAPE
Tập 86 Số 11 - Trang 3030-3038 - 2005
CLIMATIC AND HUMAN INFLUENCES ON FIRE REGIMES OF THE SOUTHERN SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS, COLORADO, USA
Tập 85 Số 6 - Trang 1708-1724 - 2004
Presettlement Regeneration Patterns in a Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Stand Tree stems @>106 yr old (i.e., established before significant European influence in this area) in a 7.3—ha old—growth ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest in northern Arizona were aged and mapped. Age structure analysis showed that successful establishment of ponderosa pine was infrequent. The periods without successful establishment could be quite long, as suggested by four consecutive decades in which only two surviving trees were established. The stems were strongly aggregated, as measured with nearest neighbor analysis, and groups were visually distinct in the field. Most of the stems occurred in groups of three or more, with group size ranging from 3 to 44 stems and area occupied by a group ranging from 0.02 to 0.29 ha. Ages of stems within groups were variable, the most homogeneous group having a range of 33 yr and the least having a range of 268 yr. The data are not consistent with the commonly held view that southwestern ponderosa pine occurs in even—aged groups and that each group became established following the demise of the group previously occupying the site. Instead, it seems more likely that seedlings became established when one or two trees within the group died, the additional fuel surrounding the dead trees causing an intensely burned spot in the otherwise low—intensity fires that were frequent in the area. The hot spot would create a potential seedbed for pine by eliminating, at least temporarily, the competing grasses on that small area. This decreased competition, in conjunction with adequate seed production and favorable moisture conditions in the spring and early summer, may well have been critical for ponderosa pine establishment. The relative infrequency of all these events occurring in the necessary sequence could explain the erratic age structure data from this area.
Tập 66 Số 2 - Trang 589-594 - 1985
A gentle floriphilic katydid <i>Phaneroptera brevis</i> can help with the pollination of <i>Bidens pilosa</i>
Tập 99 Số 9 - Trang 2125-2127 - 2018
Rain‐triggered self‐pollination in <i>Liparis kumokiri</i>, an orchid that blooms during the rainy season
Tập 100 Số 7 - 2019
THE INFLUENCE OF SPATIAL AND SIZE SCALE ON PHYLOGENETIC RELATEDNESS IN TROPICAL FOREST COMMUNITIES
Tập 88 Số 7 - Trang 1770-1780 - 2007
Predation by Birds on Spruce Budworm Choristoneura Fumiferana: Functional, Numerical, and Total Responses This study examined the hypothesis that predation by forest birds restricts expansion of low—density populations of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Bird populations were censused in spruce—fir stands of low to moderate spruce budworm density in northern New Hampshire and western Maine. Diets were determined from stomach contents of collected birds. Budworm population densities were estimated by sampling fourth—instar larvae and successfully emerged pupae (counted after moth emergence). Populations of spruce budworms ranged from 80 x 103 to >22 x 106 larvae/ha and from 0 to 1.2 x 106 pupae/ha. Birds are spruce budworms throughout the daylight hours. Blackburnian Warblers consumed the most Choristoneura (X = 28 420 budworms/ha), followed by Cape May Warblers (X = 26 220 budworms/ha), and grading down to no consumption by some species. In plots where spruce budworm densities ranged from low to transitional, the entire bird community as well as specific groups of birds, i.e., overstory warblers and Golden—crowned Kinglets; sparrows, vireos, and juncos; and nuthatches, thrushes, and Purple Finches, showed significant functional responses to increasing budworm density. When transitional budworm densities were eliminated from the analysis, only the warbler—kinglet group exhibited a significant functional response. Only two species, Canada Warbler and Golden—crowned Kinglet, showed numerical responses to increasing budworm numbers. The percentage of the budworm population consumed by birds decreased as budworm numbers increased. Birds consumed 84% of the larvae and pupae where budworm populations were low, 22% where budworm populations were intermediate between low and high density. Once fourth—instar larvae exceeded 106 individual/hectare, bird predation was ineffectual. The hypothesis that birds can effectively limit budworm increase is compatible with three recent theories to explain budworm outbreaks. The forest stands we studied were dense, even—aged, with little understory. Numbers of birds potentially can be increased by modifying these stands through silvicultural means (Crawford and Titterington 1979). Birds are capable of dampening the seriousness of spruce budworm infestations when habitats are suitable for supporting adequate populations of these effective predators.
Tập 70 Số 1 - Trang 152-163 - 1989