Communications of the ACM
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Can programming be liberated from the von Neumann style? Conventional programming languages are growing ever more enormous, but not stronger. Inherent defects at the most basic level cause them to be both fat and weak: their primitive word-at-a-time style of programming inherited from their common ancestor—the von Neumann computer, their close coupling of semantics to state transitions, their division of programming into a world of expressions and a world of statements, their inability to effectively use powerful combining forms for building new programs from existing ones, and their lack of useful mathematical properties for reasoning about programs.
An alternative functional style of programming is founded on the use of combining forms for creating programs. Functional programs deal with structured data, are often nonrepetitive and nonrecursive, are hierarchically constructed, do not name their arguments, and do not require the complex machinery of procedure declarations to become generally applicable. Combining forms can use high level programs to build still higher level ones in a style not possible in conventional languages.
Associated with the functional style of programming is an algebra of programs whose variables range over programs and whose operations are combining forms. This algebra can be used to transform programs and to solve equations whose “unknowns” are programs in much the same way one transforms equations in high school algebra. These transformations are given by algebraic laws and are carried out in the same language in which programs are written. Combining forms are chosen not only for their programming power but also for the power of their associated algebraic laws. General theorems of the algebra give the detailed behavior and termination conditions for large classes of programs.
A new class of computing systems uses the functional programming style both in its programming language and in its state transition rules. Unlike von Neumann languages, these systems have semantics loosely coupled to states—only one state transition occurs per major computation.
Communications of the ACM - Tập 21 Số 8 - Trang 613-641 - 1978
Computational algorithms for closed queueing networks with exponential servers Methods are presented for computing the equilibrium distribution of customers in closed queueing networks with exponential servers. Expressions for various marginal distributions are also derived. The computational algorithms are based on two-dimensional iterative techniques which are highly efficient and quite simple to implement. Implementation considerations such as storage allocation strategies and order of evaluation are examined in some detail.
Communications of the ACM - Tập 16 Số 9 - Trang 527-531 - 1973
Using collaborative filtering to weave an information tapestry
Communications of the ACM - Tập 35 Số 12 - Trang 61-70 - 1992
Information filtering and information retrieval
Communications of the ACM - Tập 35 Số 12 - Trang 29-38 - 1992
Techniques for interpretable machine learning Uncovering the mysterious ways machine learning models make decisions.
Communications of the ACM - Tập 63 Số 1 - Trang 68-77 - 2019
Illumination for computer generated pictures The quality of computer generated images of three-dimensional scenes depends on the shading technique used to paint the objects on the cathode-ray tube screen. The shading algorithm itself depends in part on the method for modeling the object, which also determines the hidden surface algorithm. The various methods of object modeling, shading, and hidden surface removal are thus strongly interconnected. Several shading techniques corresponding to different methods of object modeling and the related hidden surface algorithms are presented here. Human visual perception and the fundamental laws of optics are considered in the development of a shading rule that provides better quality and increased realism in generated images.
Communications of the ACM - Tập 18 Số 6 - Trang 311-317 - 1975
Fulfilling the Web services promise The creation and support of standards for Web services is a critical component to their effective functionality and ultimate success.
Communications of the ACM - Tập 46 Số 6 - Trang 29 - 2003
Product management for software product lines: an unsolved problem?
Communications of the ACM - Tập 49 Số 12 - Trang 66-67 - 2006
Business impact of Web 2.0 technologies What do wikis, blogs, podcasts, social networks, virtual worlds, and the rest do for corporate productivity and management?
Communications of the ACM - Tập 53 Số 12 - Trang 67-79 - 2010
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