Archive for History of Exact Sciences

Nous montrons que Poincaré, dans son article de 1905, adopte un point de vue actif concernant le groupe des Transformations de Lorentz. Ce point de vue, selon lequel les transformations agissent directement sur les systèmes physiques (sans toucher au système de coordonnées), est naturel pour lui car il est celui des géomètres et aussi implicitement celui de Lorentz dans son traitement mathématique des états correspondants. L'adoption de ce point de vue est même nécessaire pour corriger l'« erreur » de Lorentz dans sa définition d'un système globalement en mouvement. La contraction des longueurs, comme la dilatation des temps, traditionnellement attachées aux changements de référentiels, trouvent également une explication physique relativiste dans cette approche.

In this article, we report the discovery of a new type of astronomical almanac by Joseph Ibn Waqār (Córdoba, fourteenth century) that begins at second station for each of the planets and may have been intended to serve as a template for planetary positions beginning at any dated second station. For background, we discuss the Ptolemaic tradition of treating stations and retrograde motions as well as two tables in Arabic zijes for the anomalistic cycles of the planets in which the planets stay at first and second stations for a period of time (in contrast to the Ptolemaic tradition). Finally, we consider some medieval astrological texts where stations or retrograde motions are invoked.

In astronomy Abraham Zacut (1452–1514) is best known for the Latin version of his tables, the Almanach Perpetuum, first published in 1496, based on the original Hebrew version that he composed in 1478. These tables for Salamanca, Spain, were analyzed by the authors of this paper in 2000. We now present Zacut’s tables preserved in Latin and Hebrew manuscripts that have not been studied previously, with a concordance of his tables in different sources. Based on a hitherto unnoticed text in a Latin manuscript, we argue that Zacut is the author of the Tabule verificate which, in our publication of 2000, we took to be anonymous. We also discuss in detail Zacut’s tables for epoch 1513 for Jerusalem that are arranged for the Hebrew calendar, rather than the Julian calendar that he used elsewhere. We then consider a number of fragmentary texts that were found in the Cairo Geniza, now scattered in various European and American libraries. The new evidence is consistent with our earlier finding that Zacut depended both on the medieval Hebrew tradition in astronomy and on the Parisian Alfonsine Tables.