Applied Psychological Measurement
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The Development of a Rasch-Type Loneliness Scale This paper describes an attempt to construct a measuring instrument for loneliness that meets the cri teria of a Rasch scale. Rasch (1960, 1966) proposed a latent trait model for the unidimensional scaling of di chotomous items that does not suffer from the inade quacies of classical approaches. The resulting Rasch scale of this study, which is based on data from 1,201 employed, disabled, and jobless adults, consists of five positive and six negative items. The positive items assess feelings of belongingness, whereas the negative items apply to three separate aspects of miss ing relationships. The techniques for testing the as sumptions underlying the Rasch model are compared with their counterparts from classical test theory, and the implications for the methodology of scale con struction are discussed.
Applied Psychological Measurement - Tập 9 Số 3 - Trang 289-299 - 1985
Estimation of Composite Reliability for Congeneric Measures A structural equation model is described that permits estimation of the reliability index and coefficient of a composite test for congeneric measures. The method is also helpful in exploring the factorial structure of an item set, and its use in scale reliability estimation and development is illustrated. The modeling. estimator of composite reliability it yields does not possess the general underestimation property of Cronbach's coefficient a.
Applied Psychological Measurement - Tập 21 Số 2 - Trang 173-184 - 1997
Reliability of Measurement and Power of Significance Tests Based on Differences The power of significance tests based on differ ence scores is indirectly influenced by the reliability of the measures from which differences are obtained. Reliability depends on the relative magnitude of true score and error score variance, but statistical power is a function of the absolute magnitude of these components. Explicit power calculations reaffirm the paradox put forward by Overall & Woodward (1975, 1976)—that significance tests of differences can be powerful even if the reliability of the difference scores is 0. This anomaly arises because power is a function of observed score variance but is not a function of reliability unless either true score variance or error score variance is constant. Provided that sample size, significance level, directionality, and the alternative hypothesis associated with a significance test remain the same, power always increases when population variance decreases, independently of reliability.
Applied Psychological Measurement - Tập 17 Số 1 - Trang 1-9 - 1993
The Individual Consistency of Acquiescence and Extreme Response Style in Self-Report Questionnaires The severity of bias in respondents’ self-reports due to acquiescence response style (ARS) and extreme response style (ERS) depends strongly on how consistent these response styles are over the course of a questionnaire. In the literature, different alternative hypotheses on response style (in)consistency circulate. Therefore, nine alternative models are derived and fitted to secondary and primary data. It is found that response styles are best modeled as a tau-equivalent factor complemented with a time-invariant autoregressive effect. This means that ARS and ERS are largely but not completely consistent over the course of a questionnaire, a finding that has important implications for response style measurement and correction.
Applied Psychological Measurement - Tập 34 Số 2 - Trang 105-121 - 2010
The Use of Structural Equation Models in Interpreting Regression Equations Including Suppressor and Enhancer Variables It is shown that the usual interpretation of "sup pressor" effects in a multiple regression equation assumes that the correlations among variables have been generated by a particular structural (causal) model, namely, Conger's (1974) two-factor model. A distinction is drawn between the technical definition of "suppression," which is more fittingly labelled enhancement, and suppression as the appropriate interpretation of a regression equation exhibiting enhancement when that equation has been gen erated by the two-factor model. It is demonstrated that a number of models can generate enhancement but cannot sensibly be interpreted in terms of the measuring, removing, or suppressing of irrelevant or invalid variance. How a regression equation is interpreted thus depends critically on the structural model deemed appropriate.
Applied Psychological Measurement - Tập 3 Số 1 - Trang 123-135 - 1979
A Revised Index of Interrater Agreement for Multi-Item Ratings of a Single Target The commonly used form of r wg. (J) can display irregular behavior, so four variants of this index were examined. An alternative index, r* wg. J , is recommended. This index is an inverse linear function of the ratio of the average obtained variance to the variance of uniformly distributed random error. r* wg.J is superficially similar to Cronbach’s α, but careful examination confirms that r* wg.J is an index of agreement, not reliability. Based on an examination of the small-sample behavior of r wg and r* wg.J , sample sizes of 10 or more raters are recommended.
Applied Psychological Measurement - Tập 23 Số 2 - Trang 127-135 - 1999
Likelihood-Based Item-Fit Indices for Dichotomous Item Response Theory Models New goodness-of-fit indices are introduced for dichotomous item response theory (IRT) models. These indices are based on the likelihoods of number-correct scores derived from the IRT model, and they provide a direct comparison of the modeled and observed frequencies for correct and incorrect responses for each number-correct score. The behavior of Pearson’s X2 ( S- X2 ) and the likelihood ratio G2 ( S- G2 ) was assessed in a simulation study and compared with two fit indices similar to those currently in use ( Q1- X2 and Q1 - G2 ). The simulations included three conditions in which the simulating and fitting models were identical and three conditions involving model misspecification. S- X2 performed well, with Type I error rates close to the expected .05 and .01 levels. Performance of this index improved with increased test length. S- G2 tended to reject the null hypothesis too often, as did Q1 - X2 and Q1 - G2 . The power of S- X2 appeared to be similar for all test lengths, but varied depending on the type of model misspecification.
Applied Psychological Measurement - Tập 24 Số 1 - Trang 50-64 - 2000
The CES-D Scale The CES-D scale is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. The new scale was tested in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings. It was found to have very high internal consistency and adequate test- retest repeatability. Validity was established by pat terns of correlations with other self-report measures, by correlations with clinical ratings of depression, and by relationships with other variables which support its construct validity. Reliability, validity, and factor structure were similar across a wide variety of demographic characteristics in the general population samples tested. The scale should be a useful tool for epidemiologic studies of de pression.
Applied Psychological Measurement - Tập 1 Số 3 - Trang 385-401 - 1977
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