Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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Relaxin‐3 and Its Role in Neuroendocrine Function The hypothalamus plays a key role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and endocrine function. Relaxin‐3 is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that belongs to the insulin superfamily of peptides. It is expressed in the nucleus incertus of the brainstem, which has projections to the hypothalamus and is thought to act in the brain via the RXFP3 receptor, although the RXFP1 receptor may also play a role. RXFP3 and RXFP1 are present in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, an area with a well‐characterized role in the regulation of energy balance. The paraventricular nucleus also modulates reproductive function by providing inputs to hypothalamic gonadotropin‐releasing hormone neurons. The physiological roles for relaxin‐3 remain to be established. Evidence for a role of relaxin‐3 as a hypothalamic orexigenic peptide will be reviewed, including its effects on the hypothalamo–pituitary–thyroid axis and energy expenditure. Studies pointing towards a putative role of relaxin‐3 in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis will be discussed. Central endocrine effects of relaxin‐3 will be compared to relaxin. We conclude that relaxin‐3 may act as a hypothalamic signal to coordinate appetite, thyroid function, and reproductive status. Further studies will be required to determine whether these are physiological roles for relaxin‐3 and to determine the receptors involved.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Tập 1160 Số 1 - Trang 250-255 - 2009
Sexual Differentiation of the Zebra Finch Song System Abstract : The song system of zebra finches (Taeniopygia gutatta ) is highly sexually dimorphic. Only males sing, and the brain regions and muscles controlling song are much larger in males than in females. Development of the song system is highly sensitive to steroid hormones. However, unlike similar sexually dimorphic systems in other animal models, masculinization of song system structure and function is most likely not induced by testosterone secreted from the testes. Instead, sex‐specific development of the neural song system appears to be regulated by factors intrinsic to the brain, probably by the expression of sex chromosome gene(s) that influence the levels of estradiol synthesized in the brain and/or the responses of brain tissue to estradiol. However, the existing data are complex and in some cases contradictory. More work is required to identify the critical genes and their relationships with steroid hormones.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Tập 1016 Số 1 - Trang 540-559 - 2004
REGULATION OF SECRETION OF MUCUS FROM THE GASTRIC ANTRUM* Summary Gastric secretion of mucus was studied in dogs by collecting secretions from vagally‐denervated or ‐innervated gastric antral pouches. Mucous secretions were studied for volume and for concentration of nitrogen, hexsoses, hexsosamines, L‐fucose and sialic acid concentrations in dialyzed, lyophilized mucosubstance. Gastric mucosal content of mucus of rats was measured by analyzing the concentration of hexsosamine and sialic acid in freeze‐dried gastric mucosal scrapings. Vagal stimulation of the gastric antrum and administration of cholinomime‐tic agents had no detectable influence on either the volume or the biochemical composition of antral mucus. Insulin‐induced hypoglycemia appeared to depress the secretion of mucus. Adrenergic stimulation was without influence. Serotonin had a strong stimulatory effect on the volume of mucus secretion but did not alter its biochemical composition. Cortisone had a profound inhibitory influence on the secretion of mucus and altered its biochemical composition by decreasing the concentration of sialic acid. Parathyroid extract was found to increase gastric mucosal content of mucus in rats.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Tập 140 Số 2 - Trang 797-803 - 1967
MUCUS SECRETION IN FISH—A NOTE*
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Tập 106 Số 2 - Trang 458-462 - 1963
Decreased Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Neurosin (KLK6), an Aging‐Related Protease, as a Possible New Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease Abstract : Neurosin is a kallikrein‐like serine protease expressed preferentially in the human brain. It is localized in senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in Lewy bodies in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosin is present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a proenzyme and does not show any enzymatic activity. We have developed a sandwich ELISA system using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against human neurosin and have measured neurosin levels in the CSF from AD and non‐CNS disease patients. Both male and female patients with peripheral neuropathy showed statistically positive correlations between CSF neurosin concentrations and age (males, n = 52r = 0.482p < 0.005n = 43r = 0.365p < 0.005
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Tập 977 Số 1 - Trang 216-223 - 2002
Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease Clinical tests are currently used as endpoints in Alzheimer's disease (AD) trials to measure disease progression based on cognitive, functional, or overall decline. These endpoints are not a perfect reflection of the underlying disease pathology and may be insensitive to disease progression, especially in early AD. Furthermore, they are subject to high variability, leading to large sample sizes and long trial durations. A biomarker that could better reflect AD progression and also predict clinical benefits of drug treatments—a surrogate endpoint—would be of great use. Currently, no surrogate endpoints have been validated in AD. Structural imaging seems to be a better candidate than plasma or CSF biomarkers, but is not yet validated as a surrogate endpoint. More prospective clinical trials are needed for the validation process. While AD biomarkers cannot currently be used as formal surrogate markers, they may nonetheless be useful measures in clinical trials alongside clinical outcomes.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Tập 1180 Số 1 - Trang 119-124 - 2009
MRI Measures of Alzheimer's Disease and the AddNeuroMed Study Here we describe the AddNeuroMed multicenter magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study for longitudinal assessment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study is similar to a faux clinical trial and has been established to assess longitudinal MRI changes in AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and healthy control subjects using an image acquisition protocol compatible with the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). The approach consists of a harmonized MRI acquisition protocol across centers, rigorous quality control, a central data analysis hub, and an automated image analysis pipeline. Comprehensive quality control measures have been established throughout the study. An intelligent web‐accessible database holds details on both the raw images and data processed using a sophisticated image analysis pipeline. A total of 378 subjects were recruited (130 AD, 131 MCI, 117 healthy controls) of which a high percentage (97.3%) of the T1‐weighted volumes passed the quality control criteria. Measurements of normalized whole brain volume, whole brain cortical thickness, and point‐by‐point group‐based cortical thickness measurements, demonstrating the power of the automated image analysis techniques employed, are reported.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Tập 1180 Số 1 - Trang 47-55 - 2009
Imaging Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease Imaging plays an increasingly important role in both clinical practice and research in Alzheimer's disease. Clinically, there is growing appreciation that imaging provides not just exclusion of alternative pathologies, but also positive predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic information in dementia. Imaging can improve specificity of diagnosis in trial populations, facilitate research on the earlier stages of disease, and provide crucial information regarding drug safety and toxicity. With the advent of disease‐modifying therapies, these properties acquire increasing importance. Furthermore, imaging biomarkers have the potential to serve as outcome measures of disease progression. A whole arsenal of imaging modalities has now been developed, each allowing a different aspect of the disease process to be explored. However, the limitations of each technique must also be appreciated. A multimodal approach, where imaging markers are combined, may be required to maximize the potential of imaging to enhance our understanding of Alzheimer's disease and to help find effective therapies.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Tập 1180 Số 1 - Trang 20-27 - 2009
How do barrels form in somatosensory cortex? The somatosensory cortex of many rodents, lagomorphs, and marsupials contains distinct cytoarchitectonic features named “barrels” that reflect the pattern of large facial whiskers on the snout. Barrels are composed of clustered thalamocortical afferents relaying sensory information from one whisker surrounded by cell‐dense walls or “barrels” in layer 4 of the cortex. In many ways, barrels are a simple and relatively accessible canonical cortical column, making them a common model system for the examination of cortical development and function. Despite their experimental accessibility and popularity, we still lack a basic understanding of how and why barrels form in the first place. In this review, we will examine what is known about mechanisms of barrel development, focusing specifically on the recent literature using the molecular‐genetic power of mice as a model system for examining brain development.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Tập 1225 Số 1 - Trang 119-129 - 2011
A model of Perinatal Hypoxic‐Ischemic Brain Damage<sup>a</sup>
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences - Tập 835 Số 1 - Trang 234-249 - 1997
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