American Journal of Agricultural Economics
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Productivity Effects of Indigenous Land Tenure Systems in Sub‐Saharan Africa Abstract This article uses household survey data from Ghana, Kenya, and Rwanda to test if the indigenous land rights systems in sub‐Saharan Africa are a constraint on agricultural productivity. Rights which farmers hold over individual parcels of land vary widely, and are in many cases surprisingly privatized. Yet with few exceptions, land rights are not found to be a significant factor in determining investments in land improvements, use of inputs, access to credit, or the productivity of land. These results cast doubt on the need for ambitious land registration and titling programs at this time.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics - Tập 75 Số 1 - Trang 10-19 - 1993
Surplus Distribution from the Introduction of a Biotechnology Innovation Abstract We examine the distribution of welfare from the introduction of Bt cotton in the United States in 1996. The welfare framework explicitly recognizes that research protected by intellectual property rights generates monopoly profits, and makes it possible to partition these rents among consumers, farmers, and the innovating input firms. We calculate a total increase in world surplus of $@@‐@@240.3 million for 1996. Of this total, the largest share (59%) went to U.S. farmers. The gene developer, Monsanto, received the next largest share (21%), followed by U.S. consumers (9%), the rest of the world (6%), and the germplasm supplier, Delta and Pine Land Company (5%).
American Journal of Agricultural Economics - Tập 82 Số 2 - Trang 360-369 - 2000
Genetically Modified Crops and Product Differentiation: Trade and Welfare Effects in the Soybean Complex Abstract A partial equilibrium four‐region world trade model for the soybean complex is developed in which Roundup Ready (RR) products are weakly inferior substitutes to conventional ones, RR seeds are priced at a premium, and costly segregation is necessary to separate conventional and biotech products. Solution of the calibrated model illustrates how incomplete adoption of RR technology arises in equilibrium. The United States, Argentina, Brazil, and the Rest of the World (ROW) all gain from the introduction of RR soybeans, although some groups may lose. The impacts of RR production or import bans by the ROW or Brazil are analyzed. U.S. price support helps U.S. farmers, despite hurting the United States and has the potential to improve world efficiency.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics - Tập 87 Số 3 - Trang 621-644 - 2005
Weak Disposability in Nonparametric Production Analysis with Undesirable Outputs Weak disposability of outputs means that firms can abate harmful emissions by decreasing the activity level. Modeling weak disposability in nonparametric production analysis has caused some confusion. This article identifies a dilemma in these approaches: conventional formulations implicitly and unintentionally assume all firms apply uniform abatement factors. However, it is usually cost‐effective to abate emissions in those firms where the marginal abatement costs are lowest. This article presents a simple formulation of weak disposability that allows for non‐uniform abatement factors and preserves the linear structure of the model.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics - Tập 87 Số 4 - Trang 1077-1082 - 2005
Engel's Law, Diet Diversity, and the Quality of Food Consumption Increasing income brings about a decline in the relative importance of food consumption, a wider spread of spending patterns, and a demand for higher‐quality goods. Using an index‐number approach, this article analyzes these three closely‐related tendencies. Stripping out the impact of prices from the dispersion of food expenditures gives a volume‐based measure of diet diversity that is relevant for nutrition. Using unpublished data from the World Bank's International Comparison Program for 31 items of food in more than 150 countries, we find that diets of rich countries are substantially more diverse than those of the poor; and that volumes are the more appropriate way to measure the inequality of diversity. The quality of the food basket, based on the luxury‐necessity distinction of consumption, increases with income, but the elasticity is small. There is a modest tendency for the structure of prices to be regressive since prices of luxuries relative to necessities are lower in richer countries. Additionally, our diversity and quality measures are shown to have implications for demand analysis and well‐being.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics - Tập 100 Số 1 - Trang 1-22 - 2018
Welfare Evaluations in Contingent Valuation Experiments with Discrete Responses Abstract Since the work of Bishop and Heberlein, a number of contingent valuation experiments have appeared involving discrete responses which are analyzed by logit or similar techniques. This paper addresses the issues of how the logit models should be formulated to be consistent with the hypothesis of utility maximization and how measures of compensating and equivalent surplus should be derived from the fitted models. Two distinct types of welfare measures are introduced and then estimated from Bishop and Heberlein's data.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics - Tập 66 Số 3 - Trang 332-341 - 1984
Dynamic Adjustment in the U.S. Dairy Industry Abstract A dual model is used to examine the dynamic structure of the U.S. dairy industry. Properties implied by the theory of the competitive firm and independent adjustment of two quasi‐fixed inputs, labor and herd size, are tested and not rejected. Instantaneous adjustment, however, is soundly rejected for each quasi‐fixed input. Input adjustment to optimal levels is estimated to take about two years for labor and ten for cows. Quality adjustments of the labor and cow series do not fully embody the technological change that has occurred in this industry over the study period.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics - Tập 70 Số 4 - Trang 837-847 - 1988
The Changing Values of the Cooperative and Its Business Focus Abstract This paper examines the range of objectives open to cooperative businesses and assesses the change in organizational focus over time through the semantic analysis of historical annual reports of seven agricultural cooperative businesses. The findings indicated that, although there was a positive relationship between business age and increasing corporate, as opposed to member, orientation, this phenomenon is not inevitable for all organizations. The results also offered evidence that some of the change in business focus is generated by the internal dynamics of the business rather than from external factors such as competition and economic trends.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics - Tập 79 Số 4 - Trang 1077-1082 - 1997
Subsidies and Crowding Out: A Double‐Hurdle Model of Fertilizer Demand in Malawi This article uses a double‐hurdle model with panel data from Malawi to investigate how fertilizer subsidies affect farmer demand for commercial fertilizer. The article controls for potential endogeneity caused by the nonrandom targeting of fertilizer subsidy recipients. Results show that on average 1 additional kilogram of subsidized fertilizer crowds out 0.22 kg of commercial fertilizer, but crowding out ranges from 0.18 among the poorest farmers to 0.30 among relatively nonpoor farmers. This indicates that targeting fertilizer subsidies to the rural poor is likely to maximize the contribution of the subsidy program to total fertilizer use.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics - Tập 93 Số 1 - Trang 26-42 - 2011
Impacts of Low‐Cost Land Certification on Investment and Productivity Abstract New land reforms are again high on the policy agenda and low‐cost, propoor reforms are being tested in poor countries. This article assesses the investment and productivity impacts of the recent low‐cost land certification implemented in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, using a unique household and farm‐plot‐level panel data set, with data from before and up to eight years after the reform. Alternative econometric methods were used to test and control for endogeneity of certification and for unobserved household heterogeneity. Significant positive impacts were found, including effects on the maintenance of soil conservation structures, investment in trees, and land productivity.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics - Tập 91 Số 2 - Trang 359-373 - 2009
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