Zum Scheitern des internationalen Einsatzes in Afghanistan

2001. Agreement on provisional arrangements in Afghanistan pending the re-establishment of permanent government institutions. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/AF_011205_AgreementProvisionalArrangementsinAfghanistan%28en%29.pdf. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. 2020. Agreement for bringing peace to Afghanistan between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan which is not recognized by the United States as a state and is known as the Taliban and the United States of America. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Agreement-For-Bringing-Peace-to-Afghanistan-02.29.20.pdf. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. 2021. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Alexander Müller, Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, Renata Alt, weiterer Abgeordneter und der Fraktion der FDP – Drucksache 19/32123. https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/326/1932643.pdf. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Acemoglu, Daron. 2021. Why nation-building failed in Afghanistan. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/afghanistan-top-down-state-building-failed-again-by-daron-acemoglu-2021-08. Zugegriffen: 15. Mai 2023. Andisha, Nasir Ahmad. 2022. The collapse of state in Afghanistan: a repeat of history? Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 9(3):369–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/23477970221129901. Antrag der Fraktionen SPD, CDU/CSU, BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN und FDP. 2022. Einsetzung einer Enquete-Kommission „Lehren aus Afghanistan für das künftige vernetzte Engagement Deutschlands“. https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/20/025/2002570.pdf. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Asia Foundation. 2019. A survey of the Afghan people. Afghanistan in 2019. https://reliefweb.int/attachments/7ccc305f-3475-32af-81de-5df7a07281c9/2019_Afghan_Survey_Full-Report.pdf. Zugegriffen: 7. Sept. 2023. Bacon, Tricia, und Daniel Byman. 2021. De-Talibanization and the onset of insurgency in Afghanistan. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2021.1872159. Berg-Schlosser, Dirk. 1999. Empirische Voraussetzungen und allgemeine Konstituierungsbedingungen von Demokratie. In Perspektiven der Demokratie, Hrsg. Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Hans-Joachim Giegel, 57–81. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus. Biddle, Stephen. 2017. Building security forces & stabilizing nations: the problem of agency. Dædalus 146(4):126–138. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00464. Bolton, John Q. 2023. Military power is insufficient: learning from failure in Afghanistan. Military Review 2023(January-February):63–75. https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/January-February-2023/Bolton/. Brick Murtazashvili, Jennifer. 2022. The collapse of Afghanistan. Journal of Democracy 33(1):40–54. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2022.0003. Brooking, Steve. 2022. Why was a negotiated peace always out of reach in Afghanistan? Opportunities and obstacles, 2011–21. https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2022-08/pw-184-why-negotiated-peace-always-out-of-reach-afghanistan.pdf. Zugegriffen: 15. Mai 2023. Carey, John M., und Andrew Reynolds. 2021. The U.S. helped design Afghanistan’s constitution. It was built to fail, Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/09/08/afghanistan-constitution-failure/. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Carlisle, Rodney P. 2022. Afghanistan war, 3. Aufl., New York: Chelsea House. Cassidy, Robert. 2021. Reflections on Afghanistan: war is folly for the weak on wisdom and will. https://www.e-ir.info/2021/09/12/reflections-on-afghanistan-war-is-folly-for-the-weak-on-wisdom-and-will/. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Cordesman, Anthony H., und Grace Hwang. 2021. Learning the right lessons from the Afghan war. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/210907_Cordesman_Right_Lessons.pdf?VersionId=TOANXtTYP7mVmaTy5bapzai637ylirPt. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Council on Foreign Relations. 2021. Afghanistan in hindsight: lessons from two decades of war. https://www.cfr.org/event/afghanistan-hindsight-lessons-two-decades-war. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Cunningham, James, und Joseph Windrem. 2022. What happened to the Afghan air force? Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs 2022(Januar-Februar):40–48. https://media.defense.gov/2022/Jan/06/2002918538/-1/-1/1/JIPA%20JANUARY-FEBRUARY%202022.PDF/JIPA%20JANUARY-FEBRUARY%202022.PDF?source=GovD. Daase, Christopher, Tobias Debiel, Conrad Schetter, und Ursula Schröder. 2021. Nach dem Scheitern in Afghanistan: Lehren für die neue Bundesregierung, Sonderstellungnahme Friedensgutachten. https://www.friedensgutachten.de/user/pages/04.archiv/2021-sonderstellungnahme/Friedensgutachten%20Sonderstellungnahme%20Afghanistan_Sep.21.pdf. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Deutscher Bundestag. 2020. Plenarprotokoll 19/153. https://dserver.bundestag.de/btp/19/19153.pdf#P.19056. Zugegriffen: 5. Sept. 2023. Deutscher Bundestag. 2022. Wortprotokoll der 5. Sitzung: Enquete-Kommission Lehren aus Afghanistan für das künftige vernetzte Engagement Deutschlands. https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/927700/13727d76e165d018764975944b2a965d/Wortprotokoll_21-11-2022-data.pdf. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Dobbins, James. 2021. Afghanistan was lost long ago: defeat wasn’t inevitable, but early mistakes made success unlikely. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/afghanistan/2021-08-30/afghanistan-was-lost-long-ago. Dodge, Toby. 2021. Afghanistan and the failure of liberal peacebuilding. Survival 63(5):47–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2021.1982197. Doyle, Chris. 2021. To intervene or not to intervene. https://trendsresearch.org/research.php?id=466&title=To_intervene_or_not_to_intervene. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Eland, Ivan. 2021. The roots of American failure in Afghanistan. https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2021/08/26/the_roots_of_american_failure_in_afghanistan_791766.html. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Fair, C. Christine. 2021. Pakistan and the United States have betrayed the Afghan people. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/08/16/pakistan-united-states-afghanistan-taliban/. Freedman, Lawrence. 2012. Strategy: a history. Oxford u.a.: Oxford University Press. Geelmuyden Rød, Espen, Carl Henrik Knutsen, und Håvard Hegre. 2020. The determinants of democracy: a sensitivity analysis. Public Choice 185(1):87–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00742-z. Gossman, Patricia. 2021. How US-funded abuses led to failure in Afghanistan. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/06/how-us-funded-abuses-led-failure-afghanistan. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Guéhenno, Jean-Marie. 2015. The fog of peace. A memoir of international peacekeeping in the 21st century. Washington: Brookings Institution. Hartzell, Caroline A., und Matthew Hoddie. 2007. Crafting peace. Power-sharing institutions and the negotiated settlement of civil wars. University Park: University Press. Hennings, John Alan. 2023. 500 men: an alternate approach to America’s war in Afghanistan. In Lessons learned in Afghanistan: America’s longest war The great power competition, Bd. 4, Hrsg. Adib Farhadi, Anthony Masys, 149–168. Cham: Springer. Henriksen, Thomas H. 2022. America’s wars: interventions, regime change, and insurgencies after the cold war. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hippler, Jochen. 2020. Krieg im 21. Jahrhundert: Militärische Gewalt, Aufstandsbekämpfung und humanitäre Intervention. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. Hultman, Lisa, Jacob Kathman, und Megan Shannon. 2013. United Nations peacekeeping and civilian protection in civil war. American Journal of Political Science 57(4):875–891. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12036. Ibrahimi, und S. Yaqub. 2022. False negotiations and the fall of Afghanistan to the Taliban. International Journal 77(2):168–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020221135299. Institut für Sicherheitspolitik an der Universität Kiel. 2022. Dokumentation: Das zweifache Scheitern der internationalen Gemeinschaft in Afghanistan – Studienergebnisse des ISPK aus dem vergangenen Jahrzehnt. Sirius 6(1):3–31. https://doi.org/10.1515/sirius-2022-1002. International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2012. The military balance 2012. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/04597222.2012.663215. Jalali, Ali A. 2023. Reflections on the fateful collapse of the Afghan national defense and security forces. In Lessons learned in Afghanistan: America’s longest war The great power competition, Bd. 4, Hrsg. Adib Farhadi, Anthony Masys, 169–184. Cham: Springer. Jamal, Ahmad Shuja, und William Maley. 2023. The decline and fall of republican Afghanistan. London: Hurst & Company. Jervis, Robert. 2022. Why postmortems fail. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116638118. Kilcullen, David, und Greg Mills. 2021. The ledger: accounting for failure in Afghanistan. London: Hurst & Company. Ladwig, Walter C., III. 2017. The forgotten front: patron-client relationships in counterinsurgency. Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge University Press. Lambert, Karras J., Christopher J. Coyne, und Nathan P. Goodman. 2021. The fatal conceit of foreign intervention: evidence from the Afghanistan papers. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 27(3):285–310. https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2021-0001. Lieven, Anatol. 2021. Nemesis: why the west was doomed to lose in Afghanistan. https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/world/nemesis-why-the-west-was-doomed-to-lose-in-afghanistan-911-taliban. Zugegriffen: 15. Mai 2023. Llorens, Hugo. 2023. Afghanistan: a case study in self-defeat. In Lessons learned in Afghanistan: America’s longest war The great power competition, Bd. 4, Hrsg. Adib Farhadi, Anthony Masys, 271–289. Cham: Springer. Lüders, Michael. 2022. Hybris am Hindukusch: Wie der Westen in Afghanistan scheiterte. München: C.H. Beck. Lynch, Thomas F., III. 2022. Deconstructing the collapse of Afghanistan national security and defense forces. Parameters 52(3):37–56. https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.3168. Malkasian, Carter. 2021. The American war in Afghanistan: a history. New York: Oxford University Press. Malkasian, Carter. 2022. Modern war in an ancient land: a counterinsurgency review. Small Wars & Insurgencies 33(7):1203–1215. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2120306. Masala, Carlo. 2022. Weltunordnung: Die globalen Krisen und die Illusionen des Westens, 4. Aufl., München: C.H. Beck. Matisek, Jahara. 2021. Requiem for the Afghan “Fabergé egg” army: why did it crack so quickly? https://mwi.usma.edu/requiem-for-the-afghan-faberge-egg-army-why-did-it-crack-so-quickly/. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Miller, Laurel. 2021. Afghanistan 2001–2021: U.S. policy lessons learned. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/afghanistan-2001-2021-us-policy-lessons-learned. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Miller, Paul D., und Hans Dembowski. 2021. Gebrochene Versprechen und Scheitern in Afghanistan. https://www.dandc.eu/de/article/drei-entscheidende-afghanistan-fehler-von-bush-und-obama. Mockaitis, Thomas R. 2022. Afghanistan and the COIN conundrum. Small Wars & Insurgencies 33(7):1085–1092. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2111858. Murid Partaw, Ahmad. 2023. The failure of democracy in Afghanistan. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2022.2164480. Nachtwei, Winfried. 2022. Afghanistan – Das Scheitern im Großen: Dringendes Lernen geht nur mit Ehrlichkeit und Konsequenz auf allen Ebenen. Zeitschrift für Innere Führung 67(2):70–73. https://www.bundeswehr.de/resource/blob/5376782/99bca3b97ab7d2fa5131c9a17df5ab3b/if-zeitschrift-fuer-innere-fuehrung-02-2022-data.pdf. Paul, Christopher, Colin P. Clarke, Beth Grill, und Molly Dunigan. 2013. Paths to victory: lessons from modern insurgencies. Santa Monica: RAND. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR200/RR291z1/RAND_RR291z1.pdf. Petraeus, David. 2022. Afghanistan did not have to turn out this way, Kommissionsdrucksache 20(28)17_EN. https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/949058/418aa745beebb74556eb7fa24651f580/KOM-Drs-20-28-17_EN_Aufsatz-David-Petraeus-data.pdf. Zugegriffen: 1. Sept. 2023. Preuß, Hans-Joachim. 2022. 20 Jahre Afghanistan: Lehren für das deutsche Engagement in Krisenregionen. Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik 15(1):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12399-022-00886-9. Rashid, Ahmed. 2022. Taliban: the power of militant islam in Afghanistan and beyond, 3. Aufl., New Haven und London: Yale University Press. Regan, Mitt. 2022. Drone strike—Analyzing the impacts of targeted killing. Cham: PalgraveMacmillan. Rothchild, Donald, und Philip G. Roeder. 2005. Power sharing as an impediment to peace and democracy. In Sustainable peace. Power and democracy after civil wars, Hrsg. Donald Rothchild, Philip G. Roeder, 9–50. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Rubin, Barnett. 2021. The once and future defeat in Afghanistan. https://warontherocks.com/2021/11/the-once-and-future-defeat-in-afghanistan/. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Ruggiero, Frank. 2021. How to avoid another state-building failure after Afghanistan. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/how-to-avoid-another-state-building-failure-after-afghanistan/. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Ruttig, Thomas. 2020. Afghanistan’s 2019 elections (30): final results… and parallel governments? https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/political-landscape/afghanistans-2019-elections-30-final-results-and-parallel-governments/. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Sadr, Omar. 2022. Afghanistan’s public intellectuals fail to denounce the Taliban. https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Schetter, Conrad. 2022. Öffentliche Anhörung zum Thema „Kontext und Lage in Afghanistan zu Beginn des Einsatzes 2001. Ausgangspunkt 11. September 2001 bis zur Petersberger Konferenz 2001“. https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/921658/4019c0df0727f20ec3a850e844a35145/KDrs-20-28-03_Stellungnahme-Schetter-data.pdf. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Schroden, Jonathan. 2021a. Afghanistan’s security forces versus the Taliban: a net assessment. CTC Sentinel 14(1):20–29. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/CTC-SENTINEL-012021.pdf. Schroden, Jonathan. 2021b. Lessons from the collapse of Afghanistan’s security forces. CTC Sentinel 14(8):45–61. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/CTC-SENTINEL-082021.pdf. Schröter, Susanne. 2022. Global gescheitert? Der Westen zwischen Anmaßung und Selbsthass. Freiburg: Herder. Sharan, Timor. 2023. Inside Afghanistan: political networks, informal order, and state disruption. London und New York: Routledge. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. 2021. What we need to learn: lessons from twenty years of Afghanistan reconstruction. Arlington. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/lessonslearned/SIGAR-21-46-LL.pdf. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. 2022. Why the Afghan government collapsed. Arlington. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/evaluations/SIGAR-23-05-IP.pdf. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Taye, Safiullah. 2021. Afghanistan’s political settlement puzzle: the impact of the breakdown of Afghan political parties to an elite polity system (2001–2021). Middle East Critique 30(4):333–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2021.1989554. Varwick, Johannes. 2021. 20 Jahre Bundeswehr in Afghanistan – ein Scheitern auf ganzer Linie? Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft, Politik 70(3):314–319. https://doi.org/10.3224/gwp.v70i3.01. Weigand, Florian. 2022. Waiting for dignity: legitimacy and authority in Afghanistan. New York: Columbia University Press. Weinbaum, Marvin G. 2023. From emirate to emirate: Afghanistan’s twenty-year war. In Escaping the conflict trap: toward ending civil war in the middle east, 2. Aufl., Hrsg. Ross Harrison, Paul Salem, 153–175. London: I.B. Tauris. White House. 2021. Remarks by President Biden on the way forward in Afghanistan. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/04/14/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-way-forward-in-afghanistan/. Zugegriffen: 12. Sept. 2023. Whitlock, Craig. 2021. The Afghanistan papers: a secret history of the war. New York u.a.: Simon & Schuster. Williams, Phil. 2022. US intervention in Afghanistan and the failure of governance. Small Wars & Insurgencies 33(7):1130–1151. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2022.2120299. Zartman, William. 2023. Negotiations to end all wars. In How wars end: theory and practice, Hrsg. Richard Iron, Damian Kingsbury, 189–201. London und New York: Routledge. Zinni, Anthony Z., Mie Augier, und Sean F.X. Barrett. 2022. Failure in Afghanistan: how it happened and what it means. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 45(3):30–50. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsa.2022.0007. Zürcher, Christoph. 2019. The folly of “aid for stabilization”. Third World Quarterly 40(5):839–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1576519.