Zein: the industrial protein from corn

Industrial Crops and Products - Tập 13 Số 3 - Trang 171-192 - 2001
Rishi Kumar Shukla1, Munir Cheryan1
1Agricultural Bioprocess Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1302 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abe, 1989, Corn proteins, 93

Abe, 1986, Properties of zein in relation to its precipitability, Agri. Biol. Chem., 50, 785, 10.1271/bbb1961.50.785

Akkaway, D., Deming, D., Klemann, L.P., Menijvar, J.A., Slade, L., D'Amelia, R., Galbraith, J., Madeka, H.P., Sauer, R.M., Yarger, R., 1999. Physically coated cellulose as low calorie flour replacements. Patent WO 99/22605.

Anonymous, 1982. Distillers Feeds Research. Distillers Feed Research Council, Cincinnati, OH.

Anonymous, 1997. Corn Annual. Corn Refiners Association, Washington, DC.

Anonymous, 1999. Corn gluten feed specifications. A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co., Decatur, IL.

Argos, 1982, A structural model for maize zein proteins, J. Biol. Chem., 257, 9984, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33974-7

Ariyoshi, 1993, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors derived from food proteins, Trends Food Sci. Tech., 4, 139, 10.1016/0924-2244(93)90033-7

Augustine, 1987, Basic studies of corn proteins for improved solubility and future utilization: A physiochemical approach, J. Food Sci., 52, 649, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1987.tb06694.x

Avalle, N., 1998. Cosmetic powders coated with natural ingredients. Patent EP 882 443.

Baker, 1994, Edible coatings and films for processed foods, 89

Baldoni, B., 1954. Method of treating gluten. US Patent 2 676 169.

Beatty, M.L., Boettner, W.A., 1984. Long-acting matrix tablet formulations. Patent EP 103 387.

Boundy, 1967, Influence of commercial processing on composition and properties of corn zein, Cereal Chem., 44, 281

Buron, H.A., MacDonough, J.V., 1936. Process for preparing zein. US Patent 2 044 769.

Campbell, S.J., Ferrando, J.-C., 1997. Toilet cleaning compositions. Patent WO 97/20029.

Campbell, A.A., Zibell, S.E., 1992. Zein/Shellac encapsulation of high intensity sweeteners in chewing gum. US Patent 5 164 210.

Cao, 1996, Enzymatic hydrolysis of corn starch after extraction of corn oil with ethanol, Appl. Biochem. Biotech., 57/58, 39, 10.1007/BF02941686

Carter, R., Reck, D.R., 1970. Low temperature solvent extraction process for producing high purity zein. US Patent 3 535 305.

Chen, L.-F., Hoff, J.E., 1987. Grain extraction milling. US Patent 4 716 218.

Cheryan, 1998

Cheryan, M., 1999. Corn oil and protein extraction method. US Patent Application Serial Number 09/313 690.

Cole, E.T., Daumesnil, R., 1989. Polymeric material made from destructurized starch and zein. Patent GB 2214920.

Coleman, R.E., 1939. Zein solution and coating composition. US Patent 2 185 110.

Coleman, R.E., 1942. Solution of zein in solvents acidified with inorganic acids. US Patent 2 298 548.

Coleman, R.E., 1944. Preparation of zein solutions directly from gluten. US Patent 2 355 056.

Cook, R.B., Mallee, F.M., Shulman, M.L., 1993. Purification of zein from corn gluten meal. US Patent 5 254 673.

Cook, R.B., Mallee, F.M., Shulman, M.L. 1996. Purification of zein from corn gluten meal. US Patent 5 580 959.

Craine, 1961, Preparation of purified zein by adsorption–desorption, Cereal Chem., 38, 399

Croston, 1945, Zein fibers: preparation by wet spinning, Ind. Eng. Chem., 42, 482, 10.1021/ie50483a024

Cuca, R.C., Harland, R.C., Riley, T.C.J., Lagoviyer, Y., Levinson, R.S., 1994. Taste-masked pharmaceutical materials. Patent WO 94/121578.

Cuq, 1999, Proteins as agricultural polymers for packaging production, Cereal Chem., 75, 1, 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.1.1

Danzer, 1971, Purification of zein on a laboratory scale by charcoal or gel filtration, Cereal Chem., 48, 118

Danzer, 1975, The helical content of zein, a water insoluble protein, in non-aqueous solvents, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 386, 26, 10.1016/0005-2795(75)90242-1

Demachak, R.J., 1995. Process for making avermectin/zein compositions. US Patent 5 436 355.

Demachak, 1997, Photostability of abamectin/zein microspheres, J. Agri. Food Chem., 45, 260, 10.1021/jf960356n

Dickey, 1998, Zein batch extraction from dry-milled corn: Cereal disintegration by dissolving fluid shear, Cereal Chem., 75, 443, 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.4.443

Dickey, 1999, Estimating the cost of extracting cereal protein with ethanol, Ind. Crops Prod., 10, 137, 10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00017-5

Dill, 1927, The behavior of the prolamines in mixed solvents. II, J. Biol. Chem., 72, 239, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)84375-7

Dimitroglou, D.A., 1996. Factors affecting zein stability in aqueous ethanol or isopropanol solutions. M.S. thesis. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.

Donard, E., Labbé, H., 1903. Process for making albuminoid substances from maize. US Patent 744 510.

Duvick, 1961, Protein granules of maize endosperm cells, Cereal Chem., 38, 515

Errede, L.A., Stoesz, J.D., Winter, G.D., 1983. Composite wound dressings. Patent EP 68 777.

Esen, 1986, Separation of alcohol-soluble proteins (zeins) from maize into three fractions by differential solubility, Plant Physiol., 80, 623, 10.1104/pp.80.3.623

Esen, 1987, A proposed nomenclature for the alcohol-soluble proteins (zeins) of maize (Zea mays L.), J. Cereal Sci., 5, 117, 10.1016/S0733-5210(87)80015-2

Evans, 1941, Solvents for zein, Ind. Eng. Chem., 33, 1416, 10.1021/ie50383a019

Evans, 1943, Stabilizing zein dispersions against gelation, Ind. Eng. Chem., 35, 230, 10.1021/ie50398a025

Evans, 1944, Ternary solvents for zein, Ind. Eng. Chem., 36, 408, 10.1021/ie50413a010

Evans, 1945, Preparation of zein by precipitation method, Ind. Eng. Chem., 37, 175, 10.1021/ie50422a015

Fisher, B.S., Hsiao, H.Y., 1969. Modification of protein films for use in water desalination. Office of Saline Water, US Department of Interior. Report No. 482, Contract No. 13-01-0001-1811.

Fontinos, S., 1999. Films made from prolamines and vegetable polar lipids for treatment of wounds (in French). Patent FR 2 770 843.

Foster, 1949, A physical chemical study of zein in aqueous detergent solutions, J. Phys. Chem., 53, 175, 10.1021/j150466a014

Freeman, P.G., 1995a. Dietary fiber composition. Method of preparation and use. Patent WO 95/01779.

Freeman, P.G., 1995b. Fiber composition. Method of preparation and use. Patent WO 95/01728.

Funatsu, G., Shibata, M., 1998. Modified zein and its production (in Japanese). Patent JP 10 017 595.

Gennadios, 1994, Edible coatings and films based on proteins, 201

Gianzza, 1976, Size and charge heterogeneity of zein in normal and Opaque-2 maize endosperms, Maydica, 21, 1

Glasser, G.M., 1983. Moisture resistant coating for food products. Patent EP 90559.

Gorham, 1821, Analysis of Indian corn, Q. J. Sci. Lit. Arts, 11, 206

Gortner, 1944, Studies on the fractionation of zein, Cereal Chem., 21, 324

Hamaker, 1995, Efficient procedure for extracting maize and sorghum kernel proteins reveals higher prolamine contents than the conventional method, Cereal Chem., 72, 583

Haralampu, S.G., Sands, S., 1991. Protein-based edible coatings. Patent WO 91/06227.

Hojilla-Evangelista, M.P., 1990. Sequential extraction process: Alternate technology for corn wet milling. Ph.D. thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, IA.

Hojilla-Evangelista, 1992, Sequential extraction processing of flaked whole corn: Alternative corn fractionation technology for ethanol production, Cereal Chem., 69, 643

Jane, J.-L., Spence, K.E., 1995. Biodegradable thermoplastic composition of aldehyde starch and protein. US Patent 5 397 834.

Kampen, W.H., 1995. Recovery of protein, protein isolate and/or starch from cereal grains. US Patent 5 410 021.

Kawata, T., Iijima, T., Maekawa, A., Masuyama, M., Wada, T., Takeuchi, 1989. Extraction of zein from gluten meal, Nippon Eiyo, Shokuryo Gakkaishi 42, 63–69. In Japanese

Kito, 1987, Chemical and physical lypophilization of proteins, JAOCS, 64, 1676, 10.1007/BF02542502

Korinko, P.S., Hunt, M.L., 1999. Method for electrophoretic deposition of brazing material. Patent WO 99/22046.

Kruppa, W., 1984. Anticariogenic chewing gum. US Patent 4 474 749.

Lai, 1997, Properties and microstructure of zein sheets plasticized with palmitic and stearic acids, Cereal Chem., 74, 771, 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.6.771

Lai, 1997, Properties and microstructure of zein sheets plasticized with palmitic and stearic acids, Cereal Chem., 74, 83, 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.1.83

Lamb, 1998, Textural improvements for cholesterol lowering nutritional bar, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 25, 283

Landry, 1984, Zein of the maize grain: I. Isolation by gel filtration and characterization of monomeric and dimeric species, Biochimie, 66, 451, 10.1016/0300-9084(84)90080-4

Landry, 1984, Zein of the maize grain: II. The charge heterogeneity of free subunits, Biochimie, 66, 461, 10.1016/0300-9084(84)90081-6

Landry, 1970, Heterogenité des glutleines du grain du mais. Extraction selective et composition en acides aminées des trois fractions isolées (in French), Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol., 52, 1021

Landry, 1983, Relationship between alcohol-soluble proteins extracted from maize endosperm by different methods, J. Agri. Food Chem., 31, 1317, 10.1021/jf00120a042

Lawhon, J.T., 1986. Process for recovery of protein from agricultural commodities prior to alcohol production. US Patent 4 624 805.

Leckley, R.M., 1951. Zein inks. US Patent 2 570 353.

Lee, 1998, Silicate modification of corn protein films, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 17, 359, 10.1023/A:1006514613102

Loew, F.C., 1968. Zein prepared by strong alkali hydrolysis of aqueous alcoholic zein solutions and subsequent acid precipitation of alkali. US Patent 3 370 054.

Lougovoy, B.N., 1932. Rigidifying composition. US Patent 1 884 015.

Lower, 1999, Zein of the times, Spec. Chem., 19, 36

Magoshi, 1992, Structure and physical properties of seed proteins. I. Glass transition and crystallization of zein protein from corn, J. Appl. Poly. Sci., 45, 2043, 10.1002/app.1992.070451119

Manley, 1942, The critical peptization temperatures of zein in concentrated ethyl alcohol, J. Biol. Chem., 143, 701, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72603-3

Manley, 1943, Binary solvents for zein, Ind. Eng. Chem., 35, 661, 10.1021/ie50402a008

Manley, R.H., Evans, C.D., 1944. Process for extracting prolamines. US Patent 2 354 393.

Mannheim, 1993, Water-soluble zein by enzymatic modification in organic solvents, Cereal Chem., 70, 115

Martin, D.N., 1970. Zein-containing plastic composition. US Patent 3 497 369.

Mason, 1934, Preparation of white zein from yellow corn, J. Biol. Chem., 107, 131, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)75392-1

Matheis, 1991, Phosphorylation of food proteins with phosphorus oxychloride. Improvement of functional and nutritional properties: a review, Food Chem., 39, 13, 10.1016/0308-8146(91)90081-X

Mathiowitz, E., Bernstein, H., Morrel, E., Schwaller, K., 1991. Method for producing protein microspheres. Patent WO 91/06286.

Matsushima, 1993, Three-dimensional structure of maize α-zein proteins studied by small angle X-ray scattering, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1339, 14, 10.1016/S0167-4838(96)00212-9

Mazer, T.B., Meyer, G.A., Hwang, S.-M., Candler, E.L., Drayer, L.R., Daab-Krzykowski, A., 1992. System for delivering an active substance for sustained release. US Patent 5 160 742.

McArdle, B., 1995. Dietary fiber composition, Method of preparation and use. Patent WO 95/01778.

McKinney, 1958, Zein, 319

McMeekin, T.L., Reid, T.S., Jackson, R.W., 1950. Process for the production of artificial bristles and the like from proteins. US Patent 2 521 738.

Mertz, 1957, Studies on corn proteins I: A new method of extraction, Cereal Chem., 34, 63

Mertz, 1958, Studies on corn proteins II: Electrophoretic analysis of germ endosperm extracts, Cereal Chem., 35, 146

Meyer, G.A., Mazer, T.B., 1997. Prolamine coatings for taste masking. US Patent 5 609 909.

Morawsky, N., Martino, G.T., Guth, J., Tsai, J., Jeffcoat, R., 1996. Hydrolyzed zein as fixative in hair compositions. US Patent 5 518 717.

Morikawa, T., Sasoka, S., Saito, S., Sugawa, M., Muto, K., Yabuta, S., 1999. Feed additives for ruminants. Patent EP 963 703.

Morris, L., Wilson, A.L., 1959. Process for recovering whole zein. US Patent 2 882 265.

Morris, L., Unger, L.G., Wilson, A.L., 1956. Purification and recovery of zein. US Patent 2 733 234.

Mossé, 1961, Monographie sur une protéine du mais: la zéine, Ann. Physiol. Vég., 3, 105

Mossé, 1980, Recent research on major maize proteins: Zeins and glutelins, 255

Moureaux, 1968, Extraction sélective des protéines du grain de mais et en particulier de la fraction ‘glutelines’, C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. D., 226, 2302

Muxfeldt, H., Dahlke, H. 1981. Injectable embolization and occlusion solution. US Patent 4 268 395.

Neumann, 1984, Chemical and physical properties of proteins in wet-milled corn gluten, Cereal Chem., 61, 353

Oncley, 1949, Dielectric constant studies of zein solutions, J. Phys. Chem., 53, 162, 10.1021/j150466a013

Osborne, T.B., 1891. Process of extracting zein. US Patent 456 773.

Osborne, 1924

Oshlack, B., Chasin, M., McGinity, J., Bodmeier, R., 1994. Aqueous dispersions of zein and controlled release coatings derived there from. Patent EP 585688.

Padgett, 1998, Incorporation of food-grade anti-microbial compounds into biodegradable packing films, J. Food Prot., 61, 1330, 10.4315/0362-028X-61.10.1330

Padua, 1997, Properties of biodegradable plastics derived from corn proteins, 3, 1001

Paesschen, A.J.V., Prien, J.J., 1972. Manufacture of photographic paper. US Patent 3 635 713.

Parris, 1997, Composition factors affecting the water vapor permeability and tensile properties of hydrophilic zein films, J. Agri. Food Chem., 45, 1596, 10.1021/jf960809o

Parris, 1997, Water vapor permeability and solubility of zein/starch hydrophilic films prepared from dry milled corn extract, J. Food Eng., 32, 199, 10.1016/S0260-8774(97)00015-0

Paulis, 1981, Disulfide structures of zein proteins from corn endosperm, Cereal Chem., 58, 542

Paulis, 1977, Fractionation and characterization of alcohol-soluble reduced corn endosperm glutelin proteins, Cereal Chem., 54, 1223

Paulis, 1969, Comparison of glutelin proteins in normal and high-lysine corn endosperms, J. Agri. Food Chem., 17, 1301, 10.1021/jf60166a057

Payne, R.A., Tyrpin, H.T., 1990. Method of producing an aqueous zein solution. Patent EP 383 428.

Pearce, L.O.G., 1941. Preparation and purification of zein. US Patent 2 229 870.

Pelosi, L.F., 1997. Crosslinking processes/agents for zein. US Patent 5 596 080.

Peres, 1996, Depression of iron oxides with corn starches, Miner. Eng., 9, 1227, 10.1016/S0892-6875(96)00118-5

Pomes, 1971, Zein, 15, 125

Redding, B.K.J., 1990. Microencapsulated pesticides with a lure. Patent WO 90/00005.

Rees, 1956, A preliminary study of the properties of proteins in some non aqueous solvents, Arch. Bioch. Biophys., 63, 144, 10.1016/0003-9861(56)90018-2

Reiners, 1973, Corn proteins: Potential for their industrial use, 285

Reiners, R.A., Pressick, J.C., Morris, L., 1974. Method of treating gluten. US Patent 3 840 515.

Riebel, A., Himmelmann, W., Sobel, J., Schranz, K., Oosta, G., White, W., 1987. Hardened reagent coatings, and processes for the preparation thereof. Patent EP 247 482.

Rivas, V.A., 1999. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and electrostatic discharge degradable polymers and monomers. US Patent 5 904 908.

Russell, M.H., 1980. Protein separation from corn endosperm by solvent extraction. Ph.D. thesis. Purdue University, Lafayette, IN.

Russell, 1982, Protein removal from corn endosperm by solvent extraction, AIChE Symp. Ser., 78, 83

Saito, 1988, Papain-catalyzed hydrolysis of zein in an aqueous organic system, Agri. Biol. Chem., 52, 855, 10.1271/bbb1961.52.855

Savich, 1991, Hydrophobic properties of maize zein, Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii (translated in English), 1, 105

Schlossman, M.L., 1986. Compressing air for compressing powders. US Patent 4 609 545.

Seymour, 1966, Polyamide resins, 848

Shukla, R., Cheryan, M., 2000. Solvent extraction of zein from dry milled corn. Cereal Chem. (accepted)

Singh, 1998, Extraction of oil from corn distiller's dried grains with solubles, Trans. ASAE, 4, 1775, 10.13031/2013.17322

Soave, 1975, Synthesis and heterogeneity of endosperm proteins in normal and Opaque-2 maize, Maydica, 20, 83

Sodek, 1971, Amino acid composition of proteins isolated from normal, Opaque-2, and floury-2 corn endosperms by a modified Osborne procedure, J. Agri. Food Chem., 19, 1144, 10.1021/jf60178a011

Spence, 1995, Dialdehyde starch and zein plastic: mechanical properties and biodegradability, J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 3, 69, 10.1007/BF02067482

Stark, L.E., Gross, A.T., 1990. Hydrophobic protein microparticles and preparation thereof. Patent WO 90/03123.

Swallen, L.C., 1938. Process for the production of zein. US Patent 2 120 946.

Swallen, L.C., 1940 Stabilization of a zein solution by clarification. US Patent 2 221 560.

Swallen, L.C., 1941a. Process for the production of zein. US Patent 2 133 591.

Swallen, 1941, Zein — a new industrial protein, Ind. Eng. Chem., 33, 394, 10.1021/ie50375a026

Swallen, L.C., 1942. Process for the production of zein. US Patent 2 272 488.

Swallen, L.C., 1943. Production of zein. US Patent 2 332 356.

Swallen, L.C., Haute, T., 1938. Process for the production of zein. US Patent 2 105 760.

Takahashi, H., Norimasa, Y., 1994. Process for refining zein. US Patent 5 342 923.

Takahashi, H., Yanai, N., 1996. Process for producing zein. US Patent 5 510 463.

Takahashi, H., Yamada, K., Norimasa, Y., 1994. Process for treating zein containing material. US Patent 5 367 055.

Takahashi, H., Yamada, K., Yanai, N., 1995. Process for preparing biodegradable water-resistant film and method for rendering biodegradable article water-resistant. US Patent 5 456 941.

Takahashi, H., Yamada, K., Yanai, N., 1996. Process for preparing biodegradable water-resistant Film. US Patent 5 585 060.

Ting, R., Hsiao, C. 1999. Press coated, pulsatile drug delivery system for oral administration. Patent WO 99/51209.

Trezza, 1994, Grease resistance of corn zein coated paper, J. Food Sci., 59, 912, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb08156.x

Tsai, 1980, Note on the effect of reducing agent on zein preparation, Cereal Chem., 57, 288

Turner, 1965, Zein: A heterogeneous protein containing disulfide-linked aggregates, Cereal Chem., 42, 453

Unger, L.C., Howland, D.W., 1961. Protein modification. US Patent 3 010 953.

Utsumi, 1991, Improvement of food protein functions by chemical, physical, and biological modifications, Comm. Agri. Food Chem., 2, 261

Uy, W.C., 1996. Process for producing zein fibers. Patent WO 96/17981.

Uy, W.C., 1997. Dry spinning process for producing zein fibers. US Patent 5 750 064.

Van Blanton, M., Scallet, B.L., 1980. Method for producing water-soluble corn proteins derivatives by reacting with alkylene oxide. US Patent 4 224 219.

Wall, 1978, Corn and sorghum proteins, 2

Wallace, 1990, New methods for extraction and quantitation of zeins reveal a high content of gamma-zein in modified Opaque-2 maize, Plant Physiol., 92, 191, 10.1104/pp.92.1.191

Walsh, J.F., Kinzinger, S.M., Morgan, W.L., 1944. Production and treatment of zein. US Patent 2 360 381.

Wang, 1991, Antioxidative mechanism of maize zein in powder model systems against methyl linoleate: Effect of water activity and coexistence of antioxidants, J. Agri. Food Chem., 39, 351, 10.1021/jf00002a025

Wang, 1991, Inhibition of methyl linoleate peroxidation by maize zein in powder model system at high water activity, Agri. Biol. Chem., 55, 1531, 10.1271/bbb1961.55.1531

Wang, Y., Smith, D.E., Fant, A.B., Muehlbauer, J.L., 1998. Photographic element containing polymeric particles made by microsuspension process. Patent EP 886177.

Wang, S.H., 1999. Biodegradable protein/starch-based thermoplastic composition. Patent WO 99/56556.

Wasa, T., Takahsahi, J., 1998. Coating agent for food excellent in workability in coating. Patent WO 98/14076.

Watson, 1987

Watson, 1967, Comparison of the wet-milling properties of Opaque-2 high-lysine corn and normal corn, Cereal Chem., 44, 488

Watson, 1936, Physical chemistry of zein, Nature, 137, 322, 10.1038/137322a0

Wilson, 1985, A nomenclature for zein polypeptides based on isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis, Cereal Chem., 62, 361

Witt, P.R., Dew, R.K., 1999. NPN delivery system and method for preparing same. US Patent 5 916 610.

Wolf, 1997, Isolation and characterization of zein from corn distiller's grains and related fractions, Cereal Chem., 74, 530, 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.5.530

Wolf, F.R., McGrew, G.N., Hooks, I.S., Richey, I.C., Porter, M.M., Yatka, R.S., Witkewitz, D.L., Greenberg, M.J., Tyrpin, H.T., Nelson, K.J. 1999. Chewing gum containing physiological cooling agents. Patent WO 99/13734.

Wu, 1982, Corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles and corn distillers’ dried grains: Dry fractionation and composition, J. Food Sci., 47, 1155, 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb07639.x

Wu, 1997, Effect of maize hybrid and meal drying conditions on yield and quality of extracted zein, Cereal Chem., 74, 268, 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.3.268

Wu, 1997, Factors affecting yield and composition of zein extracted from commercial corn gluten meal, Cereal Chem., 74, 258, 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.3.258

Wu, 1981, Protein-rich residue from corn alcohol distillation: fractionation and characterization, Cereal Chem., 58, 343

Wulkan, H., 1902. Process of obtaining starch and zein. US Patent 696 156.

Zhang, 1997, Production of textile fibers from zein and a soy-protein blend, Cereal Chem., 74, 594, 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.5.594

Zibell, S.E., 1989. Method of agglomerating high-potency sweeteners. Patent EP 320 523.

Zibell, S.E., Yatka, R.J., Tyrpin, H.T., 1992. Aqueous zein coated sweeteners and other ingredients for chewing gum. US Patent 5 112 625.