Young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities who participate in Special Olympics are less likely to be diagnosed with depression

Social psychiatry - Tập 58 - Trang 1699-1708 - 2022
Meghann Lloyd1, Viviene A. Temple2, John T. Foley3, Sharyn Yeatman1, Yona Lunsky4,5, Anjie Huang5, Robert Balogh1,5
1Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada
2School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
3Department of Physical Education, SUNY Cortland, Cortland, USA
4Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
5ICES, Toronto, Canada

Tóm tắt

People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) experience high rates of depression. Evidence indicates that physical activity, or participation in a sports club, in a supportive social environment has mental and physical health benefits. Adults with IDD, on average, engage in low levels of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to compare the rates of depression among young adult Special Olympics participants with IDD compared to non-participants with IDD. This was a 20-year retrospective cohort study of young adults (19–29 years) with IDD in the province of Ontario, Canada that compared rates of depression among Special Olympics participants (n = 8710) to non-participants (n = 42,393) using administrative health databases housed at ICES (formerly the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences). Using cox proportional hazard models, the crude hazard ratios were calculated for the association between each independent variable and the dependent variable. After controlling for other variables, the hazard rate for depression among Special Olympics participants compared to the hazard rate for depression among non-participants generated an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.51. Over the 20-year follow-up, the participants were 0.51 times as likely to develop depression as non-participants; this represents a 49% reduction in risk among Special Olympics participants. This result was statistically significant and represents a medium effect size. Future research is needed on how much of this risk reduction is related to a physiological response to physical activity/exercise, and how much is related to the social connectedness of being part of a group participating in Special Olympics.

Tài liệu tham khảo

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (2010) Intellectual Disability : definition, classification, and systems of supports, 11th edn. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Washington Government of Ontario (2008) Services and Supports to Promote the Social Inclusion of Persons with Developmental Disabilities Act, 2008. S.O. 2008, c 14 Krahn GL, Hammond L, Turner A (2006) A cascade of disparities: health and health care access for people with intellectual disabilities. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 12(1):70–82 Perera B et al (2020) Mental and physical health conditions in people with intellectual disabilities: comparing local and national data. Br J Learn Disabil 48(1):19–27 O’Leary L, Cooper SA, Hughes-McCormack L (2018) Early death and causes of death of people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 31(3):325–342 Austin K et al (2018) Depression and anxiety symptoms during the transition to early adulthood for people with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res 62(5):407–421 Lin E et al (2021) Looking across health and healthcare outcomes for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and psychiatric disorders: population-based longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry 218(1):51–57 Lunsky Y et al (2018) The mental health of adults with developmental disabilities in ontario: lessons from administrative health data. Healthc Q 21(1):6–9 Shooshtari S et al (2011) Prevalence of depression and dementia among adults with developmental disabilities in Manitoba Canada. Int J Fam Med 2011:1–9 Cooper S-A et al (2015) Multiple physical and mental health comorbidity in adults with intellectual disabilities: population-based cross-sectional analysis. BMC Fam Pract 16(1):1–11 Hurley A (2008) Depression in adults with intellectual disability: symptoms and challenging behaviour. J Intellect Disabil Res 52(11):905–916 Lunsky Y, Balogh RS (2010) Dual diagnosis: a national study of psychiatric hospitalization patterns of people with developmental disability. Can J Psychiatry 55(11):721–728 Balogh RS, Hunter D, Ouellette-Kuntz H (2005) Hospital utilization among persons with an intellectual disability, Ontario, Canada, 1995–2001. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 18(2):181–190 Lunsky Y et al (2006) The clinical profile and service needs of hospitalized adults with mental retardation and a psychiatric diagnosis. Psychiatr Serv 57(1):77–83 Lunsky Y et al (2018) Antipsychotic use with and without comorbid psychiatric diagnosis among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Can J Psychiatr 63(6):361–369 Bailey A et al (2018) Treating depression with physical activity in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Psychol Med 48(7):1068–1083 aan het Rot M, Collins KA, Fitterling HL (2009) Physical exercise and depression. Mt Sinai J Med 76(2):204–214 Cooney GM et al (2013) Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6 Lopresti AL, Hood SD, Drummond PD (2013) A review of lifestyle factors that contribute to important pathways associated with major depression: diet, sleep and exercise. J Affect Disord 148(1):12–27 Carek PJ, Laibstain SE, Carek SM (2011) Exercise for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Int J Psychiatr Med 41(1):15–28 Street G, James R, Cutt H (2007) The relationship between organised physical recreation and mental health. Health Promot J Austr 18(3):236–239 Walsh D et al (2018) A comparison of physical activity, physical fitness levels, BMI and blood pressure of adults with intellectual disability, who do and do not take part in Special Olympics Ireland programmes: results from the SOPHIE study. J Intellect Disabil 22(2):154–170 Stanish HI, Temple VA, Frey GC (2006) Health-promoting physical activity of adults with mental retardation. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 12(1):13–21 Martin Ginis KA et al (2021) Participation of people living with disabilities in physical activity: a global perspective. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01164-8 Dairo YM et al (2016) Physical activity levels in adults with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review. Prev Med Rep 4:209–219 Murphy NA, Carbone PS (2008) Promoting the participation of children with disabilities in sports, recreation, and physical activities. Pediatrics 121(5):1057–1061 Special Olympics International (2016) Special olympics 2016 annual report. Special Olympics International, Washington Tint A, Thomson K, Weiss JA (2017) A systematic literature review of the physical and psychosocial correlates of Special Olympics participation among individuals with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res 61(4):301–324 Special Olympics International (2019) 2019 Annual Report Baran F et al (2009) Evaluation of a unified football program by Special Olympics athletes, partners, parents, and coaches. Eur J Adapted Phys Act 2(1):34–35 Dykens EM, Cohen DJ (1996) Effects of Special Olympics International on social competence in persons with mental retardation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35(2):223–229 Harada CM, Siperstein GN (2009) The sport experience of athletes with intellectual disabilities: a national survey of Special Olympics athletes and their families. Adapt Phys Activ Q 26(1):68–85 Lloyd M, Foley JT, Temple VA (2018) Maximizing the use of special olympics international’s healthy athletes database: a call to action. Res Dev Disabil 73:58–66 Bondár RZ et al (2020) The effects of physical activity or sport-based interventions on psychological factors in adults with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review. J Intellect Disabil Res 64(2):69–92 St John L, Borschneck G, Cairney J (2020) A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of exercise on individuals with intellectual disability. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil 125(4):274–286 Carraro A, Gobbi E (2014) Exercise intervention to reduce depressive symptoms in adults with intellectual disabilities. Percept Mot Skills 119(1):1–5 ICES (2022). ICES home page. https://www.ices.on.ca/. Accessed 20 Aug 2022 de Oliveira C et al (2022) Describing the linkage between administrative social assistance and health care databases in Ontario, Canada. Int J Popul Data Sci 7(1):1689 Lloyd M et al (2022) Matching special olympics registration data with administrative health databases: feasibility and health status differences in children and youth with IDD. Disabil Health J 15:101319 Lin E et al (2013) Using administrative health data to identify individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a comparison of algorithms. J Intellect Disabil Res 57(5):462–477 WHO (2018). ICD classifications. http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/icdonlineversions/en/. 5 March 2018 Lunsky Y, Klein-Geltink JE, Yates EA (2013) Atlas on the primary care of adults with developmental disabilities in Ontario. Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Balogh RS et al (2015) Disparities in diabetes prevalence and preventable hospitalizations in people with intellectual and developmental disability: a population-based study. Diabet Med 32(2):235–242 Balogh RS et al (2019) Data linkage: Canadian and Australian perspectives on a valuable methodology for intellectual and developmental disability research. Intellect Dev Disabil 57(5):439–462 Lin E et al (2014) Strengths and limitations of health and disability support administrative databases for population-based health research in intellectual and developmental disabilities. J Polic Pract Intellect Disabili 11(4):235–244 Jaro MA (1995) Probabilistic linkage of large public health data files. Stat Med 14(5–7):491–498 ICES (2022) Ontario mental health system reporting: TECHNICAL APPENDIX. ICES, Toronto Statistics Canada (2017) Postal Code OM Conversion File. Statistics Canada Reid RJ et al (2001) Do some physician groups see sicker patients than others Implications for primary care policy in Manitoba. Centre for Health Policy and Evaluation,Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (2015). Adjusted Clinical Groups® (ACG®)-Overview. http://mchp-appserv.cpe.umanitoba.ca/viewConcept.php?conceptID=1304. 23 August 2018 Canchola AJ et al (2003) Cox regression using different time-scales. Western Users of SAS Software, San Francisco Cohen J (1992) Quantitative methods in psychology: a power primer. Psychol Bull 112(1):155–159 Cohen J (1977) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York Gillespie M (2009) Participation patterns in an urban Special Olympics programme. Br J Learn Disabil 37(1):21–27 Husk K et al (2020) What approaches to social prescribing work, for whom, and in what circumstances? A realist review. Health Soc Care Community 28(2):309–324